Transforming Agricultural Extension in the Digital Age: A Review of ICT-Based Approaches and Innovations
Ivan L. Dujali1, Shiella Mae B. Inutan1, Maryjoy S. Bacus2,
Anecil S. Quijano-Pagutayao2, Venson B. Sarita*3
1Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Davao Oriental State University,
City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines
2College of Agriculture, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines
3Faculty of Computing, Engineering, and Technology, Davao Oriental State University,
City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines
Agricultural extension services enhance farmers’ productivity by providing access to knowledge and innovations. However, traditional methods like farm visits and community training face challenges in reaching remote areas. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have emerged as a solution, with digital tools such as mobile applications, SMS advisories, AI-powered crop monitoring, and online training improving information access and farming efficiency. ICT-based extension services offer real-time agricultural advisories, market linkages, and capacity-building programs, leading to better farming practices. In Davao Oriental, Philippines, ICT integration has improved yields, resource management, and farmer engagement. AI-powered applications for disease diagnosis and market access have enabled data-driven decisions, reducing losses and increasing profitability. Despite these benefits, barriers such as limited digital literacy, poor internet connectivity, and socioeconomic constraints hinder widespread adoption. This paper emphasizes the need for policies that support digital infrastructure, training programs for farmers, and stronger public-private partnerships to ensure inclusive access to ICT-driven extension services. Further investment in ICT-based extension can transform traditional farming into more efficient and sustainable systems. Ensuring equitable access to digital tools and addressing adoption barriers is essential for maximizing the benefits of ICT-driven agricultural extension, leading to more resilient and sustainable farming communities.
Keywords: Agricultural extension, ICT-based extension, digital farming, innovations, sustainable agriculture
Agricultural extension has long been a cornerstone of rural development, helping farmers improve productivity, adopt new techniques, and respond to changing environmental conditions. Traditionally, extension services relied on face-to-face interactions, community meetings, and farm visits, which, although effective, often struggled to reach remote and resource-limited farming communities (Briones et al., 2023). However, with the rapid advancement of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), agricultural extension has undergone a transformation, enabling wider dissemination of knowledge and real-time support for farmers. Digital platforms such as mobile applications, SMS advisory services, and e-learning modules are now bridging the gap between agricultural experts and farming communities, providing timely and practical information that enhances decision-making and productivity (Dutta, 2023).
The adoption of ICT in agricultural extension has introduced innovative approaches that enhance farmers’ ability to access critical information. Smartphone applications equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) now help farmers diagnose crop diseases and pests through image recognition, allowing for immediate intervention and reduced losses (The Guardian, 2024). Digital platforms and mobile-based advisory systems provide farmers with up-to-date weather forecasts, pest control strategies, and market trends, enabling them to make informed choices that maximize productivity and sustainability (AIPublications, 2024). Additionally, virtual communities formed through social media and online forums foster peer-to-peer learning, where farmers share experiences and collaboratively develop solutions to common agricultural challenges (FAO, 2024).
Despite the benefits of ICT-based extension services, barriers to widespread adoption remain. Limited access to digital infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, hinders the full utilization of digital tools. Many smallholder farmers also face challenges related to digital literacy, preventing them from fully leveraging ICT resources to improve farming practices (Kante et al., 2024). Furthermore, socioeconomic and cultural factors, such as financial constraints and resistance to change, slow down the integration of digital solutions into traditional farming practices (Islam & Grönlund, 2024). Addressing these challenges requires targeted policies that promote digital literacy training, investments in rural connectivity, and the development of localized digital solutions that are accessible to all farmers.
In Davao Oriental, agricultural extension services are gradually incorporating ICT-driven innovations to support local farmers. Government agencies such as the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) and private organizations are collaborating to provide mobile-based advisory services, online training modules, and digital market linkages (ATI, 2023). Recent initiatives such as the establishment of Farmers’ Training Centers equipped with modern technologies aim to enhance access to knowledge and improve agricultural sustainability in the region (Provincial Government of Davao Oriental, 2024). These efforts demonstrate the growing importance of integrating ICT into extension services to improve productivity, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and empower farming communities.
As agricultural challenges continue to evolve due to climate change, market fluctuations, and resource constraints, the role of ICT in extension services will only become more critical. By addressing existing limitations and scaling up digital innovations, agricultural extension programs can become more inclusive, efficient, and impactful. The ongoing transformation of agricultural extension in the digital age presents an opportunity to ensure that farmers, especially those in remote and underserved areas, have the knowledge and tools needed to thrive in an increasingly complex agricultural landscape.
This study employed a systematic review methodology to explore the evolution and impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agricultural extension services, particularly focusing on their application in Davao Oriental, Philippines. The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, ensuring a transparent and structured approach to selecting and analyzing relevant literature (Page et al., 2021). The goal was to gather evidence on ICT-based innovations in agriculture and their influence on extension service delivery, farmer engagement, and sustainable practices.
To gather relevant data, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Search terms included “ICT in agriculture,” “digital agricultural extension,” “e-extension,” “mobile advisory services,” “precision agriculture,” “Davao Oriental,” and “Philippines.” Boolean operators (AND, OR) were used to refine search results. The review considered publications from 2014 to 2024 to ensure recent and contextually relevant insights. Government and institutional sources such as the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), FAO, and regional development plans were also reviewed to incorporate localized data and policies (ATI, 2023; FAO, 2024).
From an initial pool of 164 documents, duplicates were removed, and titles and abstracts were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only studies that specifically addressed ICT-based extension services, technology adoption, or impact on agricultural outcomes were retained. Studies focusing solely on traditional extension without ICT integration were excluded. After full-text screening, 45 sources were selected for qualitative synthesis. This included peer-reviewed articles, national and international case studies, policy papers, and program evaluations (Briones et al., 2023; Dutta, 2023).
Thematic synthesis was employed to categorize and analyze the findings. Five main themes emerged from the literature: (1) ICT tools and platforms used in extension, (2) challenges in digital access and adoption, (3) effects on decision-making and productivity, (4) role of public-private partnerships, and (5) strategies for scaling ICT solutions. These categories allowed for structured comparisons across regional and international studies, highlighting both common patterns and unique local practices in Davao Oriental (Sugihono et al., 2024; Kante et al., 2024; Islam & Grönlund, 2024).
By combining global evidence with localized insights, the methodology ensured a well-rounded analysis of ICT in agricultural extension. This approach not only provided evidence of the effectiveness of digital tools in improving agricultural practices but also identified gaps in infrastructure, policy, and farmer engagement that must be addressed for sustainable and inclusive implementation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how digital transformation can support future-ready agricultural systems in Davao Oriental and similar rural contexts (Ngulube, 2025; The Guardian, 2024).
ICT-Based Approaches and Innovations in the Digital Age of Agricultural Extension
In recent years, the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has transformed agricultural extension services, making them more efficient and accessible. Traditional methods, which often relied on face-to-face interactions, have evolved to incorporate digital tools, enabling a broader reach to farmers, especially in remote areas. For instance, mobile applications and SMS-based platforms now provide real-time information on weather forecasts, market prices, and best farming practices, allowing farmers to make informed decisions promptly. This shift not only enhances productivity but also contributes to sustainable agricultural practices.
One notable innovation is the use of smartphone applications equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. These apps assist farmers in diagnosing crop diseases and pests by analyzing images taken through their phones. For example, in Kenya, farmers have adopted AI-powered tools like PlantVillage to identify and manage crop issues effectively, leading to increased yields and reduced losses. Such technologies empower farmers with knowledge that was previously inaccessible, bridging the gap between agricultural experts and the farming community (The Guardian, 2024).
Moreover, digital platforms have facilitated the creation of virtual communities where farmers can share experiences and solutions. Through online forums and social media groups, farmers exchange knowledge on various agricultural challenges and innovations. This peer-to-peer learning model enhances the dissemination of practical solutions and fosters a sense of community among farmers. In regions like Davao Oriental, Philippines, such platforms have been instrumental in promoting sustainable farming practices and improving livelihoods.
The role of ICT in agricultural extension is not limited to information dissemination; it also encompasses capacity building. E-learning modules and webinars provide continuous education opportunities for farmers, enabling them to stay updated on the latest agricultural technologies and methods. These digital learning resources are particularly beneficial in areas where access to traditional training programs is limited. By leveraging ICT, agricultural extension services can offer personalized and flexible learning experiences, catering to the diverse needs of the farming population (Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2025).
Furthermore, ICT-based innovations have improved data collection and analysis in agriculture. Digital tools enable the efficient gathering of field data, which can be analyzed to identify trends and inform policy decisions. For instance, in Ethiopia, ICT-based agricultural extension services have been reviewed for their effectiveness in enhancing data-driven decision-making processes, leading to more targeted interventions and resource allocation (Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2024). Such data-centric approaches ensure that agricultural policies and programs are responsive to the actual needs of farmers, thereby enhancing the overall efficacy of extension services.
Current Landscape of Agricultural Extension Services in Davao Oriental
In Davao Oriental, agricultural extension services have traditionally relied on direct interactions between extension workers and farmers. These interactions often take the form of farm visits, community meetings, and hands-on training sessions. The primary goal is to share knowledge about effective farming practices and introduce new technologies to enhance productivity. This face-to-face approach allows for personalized guidance, enabling extension workers to address specific concerns of individual farmers. However, this method can be time-consuming and may not reach all farmers, especially those in remote areas.
Both farmers and extension workers in Davao Oriental encounter several obstacles in the dissemination and adoption of agricultural knowledge. Farmers often face limited access to up-to-date information on modern farming techniques, which can hinder their ability to improve yields and sustainability. Additionally, factors such as financial constraints, traditional beliefs, and limited education can make it challenging for farmers to adopt new practices. Extension workers, on the other hand, may struggle with inadequate resources, high farmer-to-agent ratios, and logistical difficulties in reaching isolated communities. These challenges can lead to gaps in knowledge transfer and slow the adoption of innovative agricultural practices.
In Davao Oriental, both government agencies and private organizations play crucial roles in supporting agricultural extension services. The Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), under the Department of Agriculture, leads government efforts by providing training programs, resources, and policy support to enhance agricultural practices. The ATI’s Agriculture and Fisheries Extension (AFE) Strategic Plan for 2023-2028 emphasizes objectives such as efficient production and improved competitiveness through agripreneurship, highlighting the importance of integrating digital technologies to increase farmers’ access to relevant information (ATI Central Office, n.d.). Private entities, including non-governmental organizations and agribusiness firms, complement these efforts by offering specialized training, financial assistance, and market linkages. This collaborative approach aims to create a comprehensive support system that addresses various aspects of agricultural development, from technical training to financial aid.
To address existing challenges, innovative approaches are being introduced in Davao Oriental’s agricultural extension services. The integration of digital tools, such as mobile applications and online platforms, is enhancing the accessibility and efficiency of knowledge dissemination. For instance, the upcoming Farmers’ Training Center equipped with modern facilities aims to provide farmers with access to the latest tools, techniques, and knowledge essential for success in modern agriculture (Provincial Government of Davao Oriental, 2024). These innovations are designed to overcome geographical barriers and resource limitations, ensuring that more farmers can benefit from extension services.
While traditional agricultural extension methods in Davao Oriental have laid the foundation for knowledge dissemination, challenges such as limited resources and accessibility persist. The collaborative efforts of government and private organizations, coupled with the adoption of digital innovations, are pivotal in transforming extension services to be more inclusive and effective. By embracing these changes, Davao Oriental aims to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability, ultimately improving the livelihoods of its farming communities.
ICT-Based Agricultural Extension
The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agricultural extension services has changed how farmers access information and receive support. Traditional extension methods relied on face-to-face interactions, limiting their reach, especially in rural areas. Today, mobile applications and SMS-based advisory services provide farmers with real-time updates on weather forecasts, pest control, and market prices, helping them make informed decisions. In India, mobile-based platforms have effectively delivered advisory services through SMS alerts and mobile apps, offering essential farming guidance (Dutta, 2023). These innovations allow farmers to respond quickly to changing conditions, reducing losses and improving productivity.
The rise of social media, e-learning platforms, and digital libraries has also enhanced knowledge sharing in agricultural extension. Farmers and extension workers now use online forums and social media groups to exchange ideas, seek advice, and stay informed on best practices. E-learning platforms and digital libraries provide access to training modules and research materials, allowing continuous learning and skill development. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2014) highlights that these digital tools enable knowledge dissemination at a larger scale, ensuring that even smallholder farmers in remote areas benefit from the latest advancements in agricultural science.
Advanced technologies such as remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and precision agriculture have further improved agricultural extension services. Remote sensing and GIS allow for better monitoring of soil conditions, crop health, and land use, helping farmers make data-driven decisions. According to Ngulube (2025), precision agriculture utilizes these technologies to optimize the use of inputs such as water and fertilizers, increasing efficiency and sustainability. These approaches enhance resource management and contribute to improved food security by reducing wastage and maximizing output.
Despite these advancements, challenges remain in adopting ICT-based agricultural extension. Limited digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and the cost of technology hinder widespread implementation, particularly among smallholder farmers. The FAO (2014) notes that bridging these gaps requires targeted interventions such as digital training programs and improved rural connectivity. Addressing these barriers is crucial to ensuring that all farmers, regardless of their location or financial capacity, benefit from ICT-based extension services.
The adoption of ICT-based tools and technologies in agricultural extension has improved the accessibility and efficiency of farming support services. Mobile applications, SMS advisory services, social media platforms, e-learning resources, remote sensing, and precision agriculture contribute to better decision-making and more sustainable agricultural practices. However, continuous investment in digital infrastructure, training, and policy support is necessary to maximize the potential of these innovations and ensure inclusivity in agricultural extension services.
Adoption and Accessibility of ICT in Agricultural Extension
The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agricultural extension services has the potential to improve farming practices by providing real-time information and decision-making support. However, the success of ICT-based extension services largely depends on the digital literacy of farmers and extension workers. A study by Sugihono et al. (2024) in North Maluku, Indonesia, found that while younger extension agents and those with higher education levels demonstrated stronger digital skills, the overall proficiency rate remained moderate at 54.3%. This indicates that many agricultural professionals still require targeted training to effectively use digital tools for knowledge dissemination. Without adequate digital literacy, both farmers and extension officers may struggle to maximize the benefits of ICT-based extension services.
Infrastructure challenges, particularly in rural areas, pose additional barriers to ICT adoption in agriculture. Poor internet connectivity, limited access to digital devices, and unreliable electricity prevent many farmers from fully utilizing ICT tools. Kante et al. (2024) identified a lack of computers among extension officers in sub-Saharan Africa as a critical issue, which is also relevant to rural farming communities in the Philippines. Without reliable internet access and sufficient technological resources, digital extension platforms cannot effectively reach farmers who need them the most. Investing in infrastructure, such as improving internet coverage and providing affordable mobile devices, is necessary to bridge the digital divide in agricultural extension.
Socioeconomic and cultural factors also influence farmers’ willingness and ability to adopt ICT solutions. Research by Islam and Grönlund (2024) highlights how variables such as age, education, income, and gender play a crucial role in determining ICT adoption. Older farmers and those with lower education levels may be less inclined to engage with digital tools, while women farmers may face additional constraints due to social and cultural norms. Additionally, traditional farming communities may be skeptical about digital-based advisory services, preferring face-to-face interactions with extension officers. Overcoming these barriers requires targeted policies that address the specific needs of different farmer groups and promote inclusivity in ICT training programs.
To improve ICT adoption in agricultural extension, strategies must focus on enhancing digital literacy, strengthening infrastructure, and addressing socioeconomic barriers. Digital training programs tailored to the needs of both farmers and extension workers can significantly improve their ability to use mobile applications, e-learning platforms, and other ICT tools. Additionally, expanding internet connectivity in rural areas and providing cost-effective digital devices can ensure that more farmers benefit from online agricultural advisory services. Community engagement is also essential to build trust in ICT solutions and encourage wider participation in digital extension programs.
While ICT presents valuable opportunities for transforming agricultural extension services, its full potential can only be realized if digital literacy gaps, infrastructure limitations, and socioeconomic constraints are effectively addressed. By investing in digital education, improving technological infrastructure, and promoting inclusive policies, farming communities can better integrate ICT into their agricultural practices. These efforts will not only enhance productivity but also contribute to the long-term sustainability of farming in rural areas.
Impact of ICT-Based Extension on Farmers’ Productivity and Decision-Making
The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agricultural extension services has improved decision-making and productivity among farmers in the Philippines. One notable example is the Philippine Rice Research Institute’s (PhilRice) ICT-based extension services, which provide farmers with real-time data on crop management, pest control, and weather updates. These digital tools have enhanced farmers’ ability to adopt precision farming techniques, leading to improved yields and reduced resource wastage (AIPublications, 2024). The Rice Crop Manager and e-KADIWA are among the digital platforms that have helped farmers access better market opportunities and make data-driven decisions.
Digital technologies have transformed traditional farming practices by introducing precision agriculture tools such as GPS-guided equipment, automated irrigation systems, and satellite-based monitoring. In the Philippines, farmers utilizing these digital solutions have reported increased efficiency in resource use, particularly in water and fertilizer management (OpenGov Asia, 2023). Furthermore, remote sensing technologies allow farmers to detect early signs of crop diseases, enabling them to take preventive measures and reduce losses. These advancements have led to higher productivity and lower operational costs, contributing to the long-term sustainability of smallholder farming.
Market access has also significantly improved through digital innovations. Platforms such as Mayani, a Philippine-based agri-tech startup, connect smallholder farmers directly to urban consumers, restaurants, and businesses. By eliminating intermediaries, farmers receive fair prices for their produce and gain a more stable income. Digital platforms also provide farmers with access to financing, allowing them to invest in better-quality seeds, fertilizers, and equipment (AIM2Flourish, 2024). These improvements in financial inclusion empower small-scale farmers and help them expand their farming operations.
Another key impact of ICT-based extension services is their role in climate adaptation. With increasing climate variability, farmers must adopt risk-mitigation strategies to protect their livelihoods. ICT tools, such as mobile applications that provide real-time weather updates and disaster alerts, help farmers make informed decisions regarding planting and harvesting schedules. Studies from the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) indicate that climate-smart digital solutions, combined with extension services, enhance farmers’ resilience to extreme weather conditions, reducing the negative impacts of climate change on food production (PIDS, 2023).
ICT-based agricultural extension services have significantly enhanced farmers’ productivity, decision-making, market access, and climate adaptation in the Philippines. Digital platforms such as PhilRice’s Rice Crop Manager, Mayani, and weather advisory applications have provided farmers with crucial information that leads to more efficient and sustainable agricultural practices. However, challenges such as digital literacy gaps and infrastructure limitations must still be addressed to ensure widespread adoption of these technologies. Continued investment in ICT solutions, combined with targeted extension programs, can further improve the effectiveness of digital agriculture and support the long-term growth of the farming sector.
Strengthening ICT-Driven Agricultural Extension in Davao Oriental
The successful integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agricultural extension services in Davao Oriental requires well-structured policies. One of the primary recommendations is the improvement of digital infrastructure, including the expansion of internet connectivity in rural areas. Without stable internet access, farmers struggle to access ICT-based advisory services and decision-making tools. Additionally, digital literacy programs should be incorporated into existing agricultural extension efforts to ensure that both farmers and extension workers can effectively use mobile applications and online platforms (Agricultural Training Institute [ATI], 2023). Partnerships between government agencies and educational institutions can facilitate these training initiatives, ensuring that they cater to the needs of smallholder farmers.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) play an essential role in advancing ICT-driven agricultural extension. Collaborating with private technology firms allows the government to integrate innovative digital solutions that help farmers improve productivity and market access. For example, agri-tech companies can develop mobile applications that provide real-time updates on weather, pest outbreaks, and market prices, helping farmers make informed decisions. These partnerships also encourage the distribution of affordable smartphones and data plans, ensuring that more farmers can engage with digital platforms. Research by Llanto and Ortiz (2022) highlights the role of PPPs in strengthening value chains in Philippine agriculture, emphasizing that digital solutions are becoming increasingly relevant in enhancing rural development.
For ICT-driven agricultural extension to be effective in the long term, programs must be designed to be inclusive and sustainable. A key strategy is developing digital tools that are user-friendly and accessible in multiple local languages, ensuring that even farmers with lower literacy levels can benefit from these innovations. Additionally, community-based digital hubs can be established to serve as knowledge-sharing centers, allowing farmers to receive hands-on training and access relevant agricultural data. Yao and Tinio (2016) stress that local government units (LGUs) must actively participate in these initiatives by allocating funds for infrastructure and training programs, ensuring that ICT-based extension services reach marginalized communities.
The role of LGUs is particularly crucial in integrating ICT into agricultural extension services. LGUs should collaborate with national agencies to align local initiatives with broader agricultural policies, ensuring consistency and efficiency in implementation. By engaging with local stakeholders, extension programs can be tailored to address specific challenges faced by farmers in Davao Oriental. Briones et al. (2023) emphasize that integrating digital technologies into agri-food systems requires coordinated efforts between policymakers, researchers, and the private sector. Establishing regular feedback mechanisms will also help assess the effectiveness of ICT-based extension services and allow for necessary adjustments to improve outreach and impact.
Strengthening ICT-driven agricultural extension in Davao Oriental requires comprehensive policies, active public-private partnerships, and strong support from LGUs. By addressing digital infrastructure challenges, enhancing digital literacy, and ensuring inclusive program design, the province can improve agricultural productivity through digital innovation. Continuous investment in ICT solutions and capacity-building initiatives will not only enhance agricultural extension services but also contribute to the overall development of rural communities.
Strengthening ICT-Based Agricultural Extension through Critical Insights
The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agricultural extension services has opened new avenues for disseminating information and enhancing decision-making among farmers. Quantitative data underscores this impact; for instance, a study in Nigeria revealed that 72.3% of extension agents regularly utilize ICT tools in their service delivery, highlighting a significant shift towards digital methodologies in agriculture (Okeke et al., 2021). Similarly, research indicates that the adoption of digital farming technologies has reached approximately 38.95%, reflecting a growing trend towards embracing ICT solutions in agriculture (Mwangi & Kariuki, 2015).
While Davao Oriental provides a valuable case study, examining ICT applications in other regions enriches the discourse. In Kenya, the PlantVillage initiative employs AI-powered tools to assist farmers in diagnosing plant diseases in real-time, leading to improved crop health and increased yields (The Guardian, 2024). In India, the mKisan platform delivers timely agricultural information via mobile messaging, enhancing farmers’ access to critical data (Sharma, 2016). These examples demonstrate the scalability and adaptability of ICT solutions across diverse agricultural contexts.
Despite the benefits, the increasing reliance on digital tools introduces risks such as digital dependency and data privacy concerns. Farmers may become overly dependent on technology, potentially diminishing traditional knowledge systems. Moreover, the collection and storage of personal and farm data raise privacy issues, especially in regions with limited data protection regulations (Aker et al., 2016). Addressing these challenges requires implementing ethical guidelines and robust data protection policies to safeguard farmers’ information.
Enhancing the structure of discussions on ICT in agriculture involves minimizing redundancy and ensuring seamless transitions between topics. For example, consolidating the benefits of ICT into a dedicated section, followed by case studies and then addressing challenges, can create a more coherent narrative. This approach facilitates a clearer understanding of the multifaceted role of ICT in agricultural extension services.
Recognizing the digital divide is crucial, as disparities in access to technology can exacerbate existing inequalities among farmers. Factors such as age, education, and socioeconomic status influence the adoption of ICT tools. For instance, older farmers or those with limited education may find it challenging to engage with digital platforms (Kante et al., 2021). Tailoring extension services to accommodate these differences ensures inclusivity in technology adoption.
Building local capacity is essential for the effective implementation of ICT in agriculture. Providing training programs that enhance digital literacy among farmers and extension workers can bridge the gap between technological innovation and practical application. In Mali, for example, extension officers’ adoption of ICT-based services has been linked to improved dissemination of agricultural information (Kante et al., 2021). Such initiatives empower stakeholders to utilize digital tools effectively.
Policymakers play a pivotal role in facilitating the digital transformation of agricultural extension services. Investing in infrastructure, such as expanding rural broadband, and promoting public-private partnerships can enhance the reach and effectiveness of ICT solutions. Additionally, developing policies that protect farmers’ digital rights and ensure affordable access to technology is imperative (Aker et al., 2016). These measures create an enabling environment for sustainable digital integration in agriculture.
ICT offers transformative potential for agricultural extension services, its implementation must be guided by empirical evidence, inclusivity, and ethical considerations. Strengthening discussions with quantitative data, diverse case studies, and analyses of potential risks and barriers enriches the understanding of ICT’s role in agriculture. By addressing these factors, stakeholders can harness technology to promote sustainable and equitable agricultural development.
Futures Thinking and Regenerative Development of Agricultural Extension
Futures thinking in agricultural extension involves anticipating and preparing for long-term challenges and opportunities in farming. By using scenario planning and foresight analysis, extension programs can help farmers adapt to changing environmental conditions, shifting market demands, and emerging technologies. This proactive approach ensures that agricultural practices remain sustainable despite uncertainties (Oregon State University, n.d.). In the Philippines, where climate variability and resource depletion affect food security, applying futures thinking in extension services allows farmers to make informed decisions that promote resilience and adaptability.
Regenerative development in agriculture focuses on improving soil health, increasing biodiversity, and enhancing water conservation. Unlike conventional farming methods that may degrade natural resources, regenerative agriculture restores ecological balance and enhances farm productivity. Extension services play an important role in training farmers to implement regenerative practices such as agroforestry, cover cropping, and composting (Oklahoma State University Extension, 2024). These techniques not only improve yields but also contribute to long-term sustainability by rebuilding ecosystems and reducing the reliance on chemical inputs.
The combination of futures thinking and regenerative development offers a comprehensive framework for modern agricultural extension. By anticipating future risks while equipping farmers with environmentally sustainable practices, extension programs can build a more resilient agricultural sector. The Food and Agriculture Organization (2024) emphasizes that integrating regenerative agriculture with digital innovations can further enhance efficiency in farming. For instance, precision agriculture technologies, such as remote sensing and AI-driven soil monitoring, can support regenerative practices by optimizing resource use.
Policy support and collaboration are key to successfully implementing futures thinking and regenerative agriculture in extension programs. Governments, research institutions, and private organizations must work together to develop educational programs, provide incentives for sustainable farming, and invest in digital tools that enhance knowledge-sharing among farmers (Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 2022). Furthermore, local governments in the Philippines must take an active role in integrating these strategies into rural development programs to ensure that farmers at all levels benefit from sustainable agricultural innovations.
Incorporating futures thinking and regenerative development into agricultural extension services is necessary for the continued growth of sustainable farming. As the University of Southern Mindanao (n.d.) highlights, investing in foresight-driven policies and technologies will strengthen food security and promote long-term ecological balance. By equipping farmers with the knowledge and resources needed to anticipate and address future challenges, agricultural extension can become a powerful tool for building a more sustainable and resilient farming system.
The integration of ICT into agricultural extension services has significantly improved knowledge dissemination and decision-making among farmers in both local and global contexts. Mobile-based applications and SMS advisory systems have provided timely updates on weather conditions, pest control measures, and market prices, particularly benefiting farmers in remote areas (Dutta, 2023). In the Philippines, platforms like the Rice Crop Manager and e-KADIWA have enabled farmers to manage resources more effectively, leading to improved productivity and better market access (AIPublications, 2024).
ICT-based innovations have also encouraged peer-to-peer learning through social media groups, e-learning platforms, and digital libraries. These platforms serve as virtual communities where farmers exchange insights and experiences related to crop management, pest issues, and climate adaptation strategies (FAO, 2024). In Davao Oriental, such tools are gaining traction as extension workers and local governments promote digital learning hubs and online training modules to overcome geographical limitations and support farmer education (ATI, 2023).
However, the findings also highlight persistent barriers to ICT adoption in agricultural extension. Infrastructure challenges, including poor internet connectivity, lack of devices, and unstable electricity, remain common, especially in rural areas (Kante et al., 2024). Moreover, low digital literacy among both farmers and extension workers limits the effective use of digital tools. A study by Sugihono et al. (2024) showed that while digital competence is increasing among younger extension agents, many still lack adequate skills to maximize the benefits of ICT in knowledge transfer.
The role of government agencies and private organizations has been instrumental in developing inclusive ICT-based extension services. In Davao Oriental, the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) and local government units have initiated digital infrastructure development and capacity-building programs tailored to smallholder farmers (ATI, 2023). Public-private partnerships, such as those involving agri-tech firms and cooperatives, have also contributed by offering affordable mobile applications, training, and digital market linkages (Llanto & Ortiz, 2022). These collaborations have increased farmers’ access to advisory services and opened new channels for marketing and financing.
The review finds that ICT-driven extension has contributed not only to increased productivity but also to enhanced resilience to climate change and economic shocks. Farmers using weather advisory applications and precision agriculture tools, such as GPS and remote sensing, have been able to adjust planting schedules and manage resources more efficiently (Ngulube, 2025; PIDS, 2023). This shift supports long-term sustainability and food security. Nevertheless, scaling these technologies requires inclusive digital policies, infrastructure investments, and localized tools accessible to marginalized farming communities.
The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agricultural extension services has significantly enhanced farmers’ productivity and decision-making processes. Digital tools such as mobile applications and SMS-based platforms provide real-time information on weather forecasts, market prices, and best farming practices, enabling farmers to make informed decisions promptly. For instance, in Kenya, AI-powered applications like PlantVillage have assisted farmers in diagnosing crop diseases and pests, leading to increased yields and reduced losses (The Guardian, 2024). Similarly, in India, the e-Choupal initiative has empowered farmers with up-to-date market and agricultural information, improving their productivity and income (Wikipedia, 2024).
Despite these advancements, challenges persist in adopting ICT-based agricultural extension services. Limited digital literacy among farmers and extension workers, inadequate infrastructure, and unreliable internet connectivity hinder the widespread implementation of these technologies, particularly in rural areas. A study in Nigeria revealed that major constraints faced by extension workers included interrupted power supply and high costs of ICT tools (SAGE Open, 2023). Addressing these barriers is crucial to ensure that all farmers, regardless of their location or financial capacity, can benefit from ICT-based extension services.
To fully realize the potential of ICT in agricultural extension, continuous investment in digital infrastructure, training, and policy support is essential. Enhancing digital literacy through targeted training programs can empower both farmers and extension workers to effectively utilize digital tools. Moreover, improving internet connectivity in rural areas and providing affordable access to digital devices are vital steps toward bridging the digital divide in agriculture. By addressing these challenges, ICT-based innovations can significantly contribute to sustainable agricultural practices and improved livelihoods for farming communities.
To enhance the effectiveness of ICT-based agricultural extension services, targeted investment in rural digital infrastructure is essential. Many farmers in remote areas of the Philippines, including Davao Oriental, still experience limited internet connectivity and lack access to affordable devices, which hinders the full utilization of digital tools (Kante et al., 2024). Government agencies should prioritize broadband expansion in rural areas and subsidize mobile technology for smallholder farmers. These investments will bridge the digital divide and enable inclusive access to real-time agricultural information, market trends, and climate advisories.
Capacity building must also be a central strategy to increase digital literacy among farmers and extension workers. Programs that provide hands-on training in using mobile apps, AI-based diagnostics, and online learning platforms can empower users to independently navigate digital tools for agricultural decision-making (Sugihono et al., 2024). These training programs should be integrated into existing extension structures, and local governments can collaborate with NGOs and academic institutions to deliver culturally sensitive, language-accessible digital education tailored to various literacy levels (Islam & Grönlund, 2024).
Furthermore, policies must be developed to support inclusive and ethical ICT integration in agricultural extension. These should include data protection regulations to ensure the privacy and security of farmers’ digital information, as well as standards for the development of user-friendly applications. Encouraging public-private partnerships (PPPs) can also accelerate innovation and scale the deployment of relevant digital tools (Llanto & Ortiz, 2022). Such policy interventions will ensure the long-term sustainability and trustworthiness of ICT-based extension programs while strengthening agricultural resilience and food security.