Synthesis and Characterisation of Silver–2-Phenylenediamine–Cyclodextrin Nanomaterials

The spectral characteristics of 2-phenylenediamine (2PDA) in various solvents, and in the presence of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) at pH~3, and pH ~7, were investigated using UV–visible, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence measurements, and PM3 computational methods. 2PDA showed a single broad emission band in all solvents, whereas dual emission observed in CD solutions indicates the presence of excimer in the 2PDA molecule. The fluorescence lifetimes of the inclusion complexes were greater than that of free 2PDA. In the 2PDA molecule, both the vertical and horizontal bond lengths between the both amino groups are smaller than the β-CD cavity size The Ag:2PDA:α-CD and Ag:2PDA:β-CD nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized by SEM, FTIR, and DSC techniques. In all pH conditions, 2PDA exhibited distinct absorption and emission shifts upon complexation with α-CD and β-CD. SEM–EDX data confirmed the presence of 5.5% silver in the nanomaterials.

2-phenylenediamine, cyclodextrin, silver nano, pH effects, excimer, nanomaterials

1. M. Jude Jenita, G.Venkatesh, V.K.Subramanian, N. Rajendiran, Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer effects on fast violet B and fast blue RR: Effect of HP-α-CD and HP-β-CDs. J. Molecular Liquids, 178 (2013) 160-167. doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2012.11.033 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. N.Rajendiran, M.Swaminathan, Photophysical behaviour of 4,4-dihydroxydiphenyl sulphone Indian J. Chemistry, 35A (1996) 385–389. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/41347 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. M. Jude Jenita, G.Venkatesh, V.K.Subramanian, N. Rajendiran, Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer effects on fast violet B and fast blue RR: Effect of HP-α-CD and HP-β-CDs. J.Molecular Liquids, 178 (2013) 160-167. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. A.A.Smith, K.Kannan, R.Manavalan, N.Rajendiran Spectrofluorimetric determination of bicalutamide in formulation & biological fluids. Asian J. Chemistry, 21(2009)459–466, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. N. Rajendiran, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, J.Saravanan, Nanochain and vesicles formed by inclusion complexation of 4, 4’-diaminobenzanilide with Cyclodextrins. J. Experimental Nanoscience, 10(2015)880-899, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. N. Rajendiran, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, J. Saravanan, Nanostructures formed by cyclodextrin covered amino benzophenones through supramolecular self-assembly. Spectrochim Acta, 127A (2014) 52-60, doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. M. Jude Jenita, T. Mohandoss, N. Rajendiran, Spectral and molecular modeling studies on hydroxy benzaldehydes with native and modified cyclodextrins. J. Fluorescence, 24 (2014) 695-707. doi.org/10.1007/s10895-013-1340-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. G.Venkatesh, J. Thulasidhasan, N. Rajendiran, A spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies of the inclusion complexes of orciprenaline and terbutaline drugs with native and modified cyclodextrins. J. Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 78(2014)225-237. doi.org/10.1007/s10847-013-0291-4 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. N. Rajendiran, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, J.Saravanan, Nanochain and vesicles formed by inclusion complexation of 4, 4’-diamino benzanilide with Cyclodextrins. J. Experimental Nanoscience, 10(2015)880-899. doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2014.930523 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. N. Rajendiran, G. Venkatesh, Inclusion complexation of 4,4'-dihydroxy benzophenone and 4-hydroxy benzophenone with α- and β-CD. Supramolecular Chemistry, 26(2014) 783-795. doi.org/10.1080/10610278.2013.873125 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. A. Mani, P. Ramasamy, A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, N. Rajendiran, Investigation of Ag and Ag/Co bimetallic nanoparticles with naproxen-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. J.Molecular Structure, 1284 (2023) 135301-10. doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135301 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. A. Mani, P. Ramasamy, A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, P. Senthilraja, N. Rajendiran, Synthesis and Analysis of Ag/Olanzapine/Cyclodextrin and Ag/Co/Olanzapine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Nanorods. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids, 62 (2024) 196-209. doi.org/10.1080/00319104.2023.2297223 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. A. Mani, G. Venkatesh, P. Senthilraja, N. Rajendiran, Synthesis and Characterisation of Ag-Co-Venlafaxine-Cyclodextrin Nanorods, European J Advanced Chemistry Research, 5 (2024) 9-16. doi; 10.24018/ejchem.2024.5.1.147 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. A.Mani, P.Ramasamy, A.Antony Muthu Prabhu, P.Senthilraja, N.Rajendiran, Synthesis and Characterisation of Ag/Co/Chloroquine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Nanomaterials. J Sol-Gel Science and Technology 115 (2025) 844-856. doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06620-5. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. N. Rajendiran, A. Mani, M. Venkatesan, B. Sneha, E. Nivetha, P. Senthilraja, Spectral, Microscopic, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity of Pyrimethamine drug with Ag nano, DNA, RNA, BSA, Dendrimer, and Cyclodextrins, J Solution Chem, In press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. P Ramasamy, A Mani, B Sneha, E Nivetha, M Venkatesan, N Rajendiran, Azo-hydrazo tautomerism in Sudan Red-B and Cyclodextrin/ Sudan Red-B doped ZnO nanomaterials. J Molecular Structure 1329 (2025) 141423-32. doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.141423 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. G.Venkatesh, T.Sivasankar, M.Karthick, N.Rajendiran, Inclusion complexes of sulphanilamide drugs and β-CD: A theoretical approach. J.Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 77 (2013) 309-318, doi. 10.1007/s10847-012-0248-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. J. Prema Kumari, A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, G. Venkatesh, V.K. Subramanian, N.Rajendiran, Effect of solvents and pH on β-CD Inclusion complexation of 2,4-dihydroxy azobenzene and 4-hydroxy azobenzene. J. Solution Chemistry, 40 (2011) 327–347. doi.org/10.1007/s10953-010-9639-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. T.Stalin, P. Vasantharani, B.Shanthi, A.Sekar, N.Rajendiran, Inclusion complex of 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene with α- and β-cyclodextrins. Indian J Chemistry, 45A (2006) 1113–1120. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. J.Prema Kumari, A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, G.Venkatesh, V.K.Subramanian, N. Rajendiran, Spectral characteristics of sulfadiazine, sulfisomidine: Effect of solvents, pH and β-CD. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids, 49(2011)108–132. doi.org/10.1080/00319104. 2010.509724 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. A. Anton Smith, K.Kannan, R.Manavalan, N.Rajendiran Spectrofluorimetric determination of flutamide in pharmaceutical preparations. Oriental J. Chemistry, 24 (2008) 189-194, [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. R.K.Sankaranarayanan, S.Siva, A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, N.Rajendiran, A study on the inclusion complexation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with β-CD at different pH. J.Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 67 (2010) 461-470. doi.org/10.1007/s10847-009-9729-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. N. Rajendiran, S. Siva, J. Saravanan, Inclusion complexation of sulfa pyridine with α- and β-CDs: Spectral and molecular modeling study. J. Molecular Structure,1054-1055 (2013) 215–222. doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.09.035 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. N. Rajendiran, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, Azo dye/Cyclodextrin: New findings of identical nanorods through 2:2 inclusion complexes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 106 (2014) 422-431. doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.030 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. N. Rajendiran, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, J.Saravanan, A study of supramolecular host–guest interaction of dothiepin and doxepin drugs with cyclodextrin macrocycles. J Molecular Structure, 1067(2014) 252-260. doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.051 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, N.Rajendiran, Encapsulation of labetalol, and pseudoephedrine in β-CD cavity: Spectral and molecular modeling studies. J. Fluorescence, 22(2012)1461-1474. doi.org/10.1007/s10895-012-1083-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. M.Jude Jenita, A.Antony Muthu Prabhu, N.Rajendiran, Theoretical study of inclusion complexation of tricyclic antidepressant drugs with β-CD. Indian J. Chemistry A, 51A (2012) 1686-1694. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. N. Rajendiran, G. Venkatesh, J.Saravanan, Supramolecular aggregates formed by sulfadiazine and sulfisomidine inclusion complexes with α- and β-cyclodextrin. Spectrochimica Acta, 129A (2014) 157-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.028 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. N. Rajendiran, G. Venkatesh, T.Mohandoss, Fabrication of 2D nano sheet through self assembly behavior of sulfamethoxy pyridazine inclusion complex with α- and β-cyclodextrins. Spectrochim Acta A,123A (2014) 158-166, doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.053 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. A.Anton Smith, K.Kannan, R.Manavalan, N.Rajendiran, Intramolecular charge transfer effects on flutamide drug. J. Fluorescence, 20(2010)809–820, doi. 10.1007/s10895-010-0623-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. R.S. Sarpal, S.K.Dogra, J.Photochem., 38 (1987) 263-276 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Drone-Based Phenotyping and its Utilization in Crop Improvement: A Review
• An IoT-Enabled Smart Healthcare Monitoring System Using Machine Learning for Early Health Risk Prediction
• Strategic Integration of Artificial Intelligence for Achieving Operational Excellence in Container Freight Stations Using Evidence from Chennai, India
• Adoption of OTT platforms: Analyzing User Behavior through the UTAUT2 Model
• Customers’ Buying Behaviour in Relation to Online Food Delivery (Evidence from National Capital Region (NCR) of India)