Application of Ground Source Heat Pump Technology for Cooling Buildings in Sub Saharan Africa
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The increasing demand for cooling in Sub-Saharan Africa, driven by rapid urbanisation and rising temperatures, is placing significant pressure on already constrained energy systems. Conventional air conditioning technologies are energy-intensive and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluates the potential of ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology as a sustainable alternative for building cooling in the region. A pilot case study based on Cameroon is used to assess the technical feasibility, energy performance, and economic viability of GSHP systems under local climatic and geological conditions. The analysis incorporates empirical data and simulation-based modelling to estimate energy savings, carbon emission reductions, with a payback period of approximately 6 years. Results indicate that GSHP systems can reduce national cooling energy demand by approximately 3691 GWh/year in Cameroon, representing a substantial decrease compared to conventional air conditioning systems. A lifecycle cost perspective suggests long-term economic benefits, particularly when supported by appropriate financing mechanisms. The study also highlights the influence of geological variability and climatic diversity across Sub-Saharan Africa on system performance. Key barriers to adoption, including high upfront costs, limited technical expertise, and weak policy support, are critically examined. The findings demonstrate that GSHP systems can significantly reduce energy demand and emissions while offering long-term economic benefits, although widespread adoption requires policy support and capacity development. Ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology can become a key component of the region's cooling infrastructure. Their adoption not only supports the transition to low-carbon energy systems but also enhances resilience to the impacts of climate change, contributing to improved living standards and sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries.
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