Soilless Indoor Smart Farming: A Review of Developments and Emerging Technologies in Fuzzy based Self-Optimising Nutrient Management

Soilless indoor smart farming has emerged as a promising approach to controlled-environment agriculture, offering improved resource efficiency and year-round crop production. This review examines the development of intelligent nutrient management through the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, artificial intelligence, data analytics, and automated control systems in hydroponic cultivation. Particular emphasis is placed on self-optimising nutrient management, which enables nutrient delivery to adapt to changing crop requirements throughout different growth stages. The review highlights the transition from conventional fixed and manually adjusted nutrient strategies to closed-loop control systems that integrate continuous real time nutrient, environmental, and plant growth information back to the system for further regulation. Although intelligent technologies offer opportunities to reduce nutrient wastage and improve resource utilisation, the nonlinear and time varying nature of nutrient uptake and plant growth presents significant control challenges. The review further highlights the importance of growth aware control strategies that integrate plant indicators with nutrient and environmental sensing to support adaptive and autonomous soilless farming systems.

Autonomous Farming System, Smart Farming, Fuzzy Logic Control, Nutrient Control, Self Optimizing Control

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