Volume IX Issue II

01

WhatsApp Network Group Chat Analysis Using Python Programming

Blessing Nwamaka Iduh · February 2020 · pp. 01-05

WhatsApp is an instant messaging application which enables users to send and receive messages in real time. It is a platform that has created an enabling environment for users to communicate with friends, groups and business partners at a cost of only a little internet access. This application has created opportunities for users to make free calls internationally in both audio and video modes. It has also provided the means for users to send broadcast messages to as many as 256 contacts at the same time. WhatsApp has helped individuals of like minds to create groups for diverse purposes. This paper, presents WhatsApp network group chat analysis, using Python programming language. The objective is of this paper is to present an analysis of the WhatsApp group data to ascertain the level of involvement and participation by members in that group chat. Also, it involves the analysis of the most active date in the group, the number of messages sent on that date, the overall most active user, list of active admins in the group, total number of users, number of posts made by each individuals on the group, and the most used word on the platform. Also an analysis of the top 10 and top 20 users were done. The system was done with Python, and the Python libraries that were applied includes, Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib and Seaborn. At the end of the work the expected results were obtained and the analysis was able to show the level of participation of the various individuals on the given WhatsApp group.

02

An N-Gram Determination of Twitter User Sentiments

C. Anyanwu, C. N. Udanor · February 2020 · pp. 06-16

Today, due to the high reachability and popularity of social network sites, it is used by organizations for planning and mobilizing events for public demonstrations and protests. Social networking sites are sometimes used to launch harmful statements against individuals and groups. Some of its effects are an incitement to harmful practices. In order to overcome such activities on social network, there is a need to track and tackle hate speech on social networks and provide a way of apprehending hate speech mongers. The collection and documentation process of hate speech digital evidence online should be optimized efficiently. An automated system is needed to be able to implement such regulations. The aim of this paper is to determine what constitutes hate speech through a literature survey and identify their sources using an n-gram classifier, as well as proffer solution on monitoring and determination of hate speeches on Twitter, and perpetrators through the use of Twitter opinion mining. Results suggest that negative sentiments in form of hate speech is on consistent increase, given that the handles examined had between 20 to 70 percent negative sentiments contents.

**[1] Merriam Webster, “Dictionary and Thesaurus” (http://www.meriam\_webstercom/dicionary/social%2520media), www.meriam\_webster.com. [2] S. John, C. Peter Carrington, “Social Network Analysis: An Introduction”. http://dx.doi.org/10.4134/9781446294413.n2 [3] S. Leondro, M. Maniack, C. Denzil, B. Fabricro, W. Lngmar, (2016), “Analyzing the Targets of Hate in Online Social Media”. Proceedings of the Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM). [4] W. Jeremy, “The Harm in Hate Speech”, Harvard University Press, pp. 304. Reviewed by Brian Leiter, Univ. of Chicago. July 19, 2012. [5] Wikipedia, “Hate Speech”. https://en.wikipedia.or/w/index,php?title=hate\_speech&oldjour\_gradetds/15 [6] J. Murphy, “A Brief Analysis of the Free Speech vs. Hate Speech Debate\_Stand”, December 11, 2017. https://www.standleague.org/blog/a-brief-analysis-of-the-free-speech-vs-hate-speech-debate.html [7] J. Levin, & J. McDevitt (1993), “Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and bloodshed”. New York: Plenum. [8] S. Agarwal, and A. Sureka. A Focused Crawler for Mining Hate and Extremism Promoting Videos on YouTube. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. Santiago, Chile, pp. 294-296, 2014. [9] S. Anna, W. Michael, “A Survey on Hate Speech Detection using Natural Language Processing”, Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media, Valencia, Spain. Pages 1-10, April 3, 2017. [10] M. Barthel, E. Shearer, J. Gottfried & A. Mitchell, “The Evolving Role of News on Twitter and Facebook”. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. Retrieved 2016-02-04. [11] S. Walker, “Hate Speech: The History of an American Controversy”. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. 1994. [12] S. Agarwal, and A. Sureka. A Focused Crawler for Mining Hate and Extremism Promoting Videos on YouTube. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. Santiago, Chile, pp. 294-296, 2014. [13] B. Angela, F. Ingo, H. Kint& M. Patrick, “Content Based Social Network Analysis of Mailing Lists”. R, Journal. Vol. 3/1, June 2011. [14] The Nation Nigeria, “Hate Speech”: In Editorial, Aug 30, 2017. [15] R. Whillock& D. Slayden,”Hate Speech”. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Introduction. pp. ix-xi.1995. [16] Y. Zhou, E. Reid, J. Qin, H. Chen & G. Lai, “US Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis”, IEEE Intelligent Systems. 20(5), 44-51. 2005. [17] Ring, Caitlin Elizabeth, “Hate Speech in Social Media: An Exploration of the Problem and its Proposed Solutions.” A Journalism & Mass Communication Graduate Thesis and Dissertations. 15. (https//scholar.colorado.edu. 2013. [18] H. Saif, Y. He, M. Fernandez and H. Alain, “Contextual Semantics for Sentiment Analysis of Twitter”, Elsevier B. V., 7th March, 2015. [19] T. Carter Butts, “Social Network Analysis: A Methodological Introduction”. Department of Sociology and Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-5100, USA. 2008. [20] Y. Zhou, E. Reid, J. Qin, H. Chen & G. Lai, “US Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis”, IEEE Intelligent Systems. 20(5), 44-51. 2005. [21] Ring, Caitlin Elizabeth, “Hate Speech in Social Media: An Exploration of the Problem and its Proposed Solutions.” A Journalism & Mass Communication Graduate Thesis and Dissertations. 15. (https//scholar.colorado.edu. 2013. [22] N. Akhtar, “Network Analysis Tools”, Fourth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, DOI 10.1109/CSNT.2014.83, 2015. [23] Fernando Miro-LIinares et al, “Cyber Hate Speech on Twitter: Analyzing Disruptive Events from Social Media to Build a Violent Communication and Hate Speech Taxonomy”. Int. Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamies. Vol. 11, No. 3. Doi: 10.2495/DNE-V11-N3-406-415, July 2016 [24] N. Lettieri, A. Altamura, D. Malandrino& V. Punzo, “Agents Shaping Networks Shaping Agents: Integrating Social Network Analysis and Agent Based Modelling in Computational Crime Research”. Springer International publishing EPIA 2017. LNAI 10423, pp. 15-27, Doi.10.1007/97 -3-319-65340-2-2. 2017. [25] M. Chau, X. Jennifer, “A Framework for Locating and Analyzing Hate Groups in Blogs”, [26] B. Batrinca, P. Treleaven C., “Social Media Analytics: A Survey of Techniques, Tools and Platforms”, AI &Soc, 30:89–116, DOI 10.1007/s00146-014-0549-4. 2015. [27] P. Burnap, M.L. Williams, “Hate Speech, Machine Classification and Statistical Modeling of Information Flows on Twitter: interpretation and Communication for Policy Decision Making”. In Proceedings of the Internet, Policy & Politics Conferences, Oxford, England, 2014. [28] B. Liu, L. Zhang, “A Survey of Opinions Mining and Sentiment Analysis in Mining Text Data”, pp. 415-463, 2012. [29] P. Fornacciari, M. Monica and T. Michele, “Social Network and Sentiment Analysis on Twitter: Towards a Combined Approach”, KDWeb.2015 [30] Merriam Webster, “Dictionary and Thesaurus” (http://www.meriam\_webstercom/dicionary/social%2520media), www.meriam\_webster.com. [31] D. Oliveira Jose Silva; B. Paulo Henrique de Souza; P. Jose Roberto and B. DanielyAparecida, “The Application of the Sentiment Analysis technique in Social Media as a Tool for Social Management Practices at the Government Level”, Rev. Adm. Publica[online]. 2019. Vol. 53, n.1,pp. 235-251. ISSN 0034-7612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7612174204 [32] S. Muthiah, B. Huang, J. Arredondo, D. Mares, L. Getoor, G. Katz N. Ramakrishnan, (2015), “Planned Protest Modelling in News and Social Media”. In Proceedings of 29th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Austin, USA, pp. 3920-3927. [33] https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/socinetw.htm [34] A G Noorani. Hate Speech and Free Speech. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 27, No. 46, p. 2456. Nov. 14, 1992 [35] C. N. Udanor, S.O. Aneke and B.O. Ogbuokiri, “Determining Social Media Influences of the Politics of developing Countries using Social Network Analytics”. EmeraldInsight Program: electronic library and information systems, vol. 50(4): pp. 481-507. 2016 [36] Germany Kent, “Hate Quotes”. Available at: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/hate-speech. (Viewed March 11, 2018). [37] T. Zia, M. ShehbazAkram, M. Saqib Nawaz, B. Shahzad, Abdullatif M. Abdullatif, RazaUl Mustapha, M. IkramullahLali, “Identification of Hatred Speeches on Twitter” International Journal of Advances in Electronics and Computer Science, ISSN: 2393-2835, volume 4, Issue -1, Jan 2017. [38] Mirigxin Zhang, “Social Network Analysis: History, Concepts and Research”. In: Furht B. (eds) Handbook of Social Network technologies & Applications. Springer, Boston, MA. 2010.**

03

The Introduction of A Sandcrete-Strawbale Interface Mould (SSIM) for Urban Housing Development in Tropical Regions of Nigeria

Adegoke Kehinde Vivian, Onama Godwin Ojodomo, Alexander Ayeh Oguh · February 2020 · pp. 17-26

This research focuses on the use of a mixed sandcrete-straw interface mould for urban housing development in tropical regions of Nigeria with Lokoja, Kogi state as a case study.A mixed sandcrete-stawbale interface mould is that which contains a strawbale on one side and sandcrete on the other side. This research addresses the thermal performance of a sandcrete-strawbale Interface Mould (SSIM) walls plastered with cement mix. The thermal performance is determined by comparing the temperature gradients of wall made of SSIM and conventional sandcrete wal. Strawbale-Sandcrete Interface Mould, SSIM possesses higher temperature gradient values. This indicates good heat retention and cooler interior. The straw bale wall test is undertaken by collecting actual measurements on site. Thermal sensors are installed on both external and internal sides of the wall to record the heat transmission through the plastered walls. The thermal conductivity of the SSIM sample is calculated from measured parameters. The interface temperature values of the strawbale- sandcrete Interface Mould, SSIM, are then calculated from Fouriers law of heat transfer. The quantity of heat retention were then calculated from level of temperature gradient.This study also examine and test the sustainability of a sancrete-strawbale interface mould, SSIM, in Urban housing designs and development.The prototype enclosed walls are constructed and tested. Questionnaires were administered for this study to validate the experimentation of the research process on thermal comfort valuation. The pearson’s Chi Square statistic is used to determine the level of significance in the best responses given on the thermal insulation property. Other factors to be considered for questionnaire for this study are thermal insulating property, availability, cost of construction, aesthetic, economical value, sound insulation,fire resistance and moisture resistance. Statistical tools including tables and graphs are used for further analyses.The SSIM design that will give the optimal thermal conductivity of the composite mould was determined for the environment and used for the research. Findings reveal the merits of the introduction of Sandcrete-Strawbale wall construction in Lokoja, Kogi state and other temperate regions in Nigeria.

**[1] Adedeji, A. A. (2002), “Thermal effects on the bearing capacity of earth wall in optimal design”, Association for the Advancement of Modelling and Simulation Techniques in Enterprises (AMSE), France, Modelling B-2002, 71(3), 17 – 28. [2] Adedeji, A. A. (2004), “Finite Element Method”, CVE 567 Lecture Notes, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin. [3] A Djoudi and M. M. Khenfer in: 11th International Conference on Fracture (ICF XI) (2005),Turin, Italy [4] Adrian (1993), Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 10–11, ISBN 0-471-50290-1 [5] Amazon nals (2001), “Information guide to straw-bale building”, Nebraska, 1-82. [6] Asonibare, P.O. (2007), “Detailing of straw-bale wall as an infill panel”, B.Eng. [7] ASTM C168 − 15a Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation. [8] A Z. Ahmed in: Foreningen Af Udviklingsforskere i Danmark (FAU) Conference (2008), Copenhagen, Denmark [9] B. Moujalled, R. Cantin, and G. Guarracino: Energy and Buildings, Vol. 40 (2008), pp. 2215 –2223 [10] Bouchair, A. Steady state theoretical model of fired clay hollow bricks for enhanced external wall thermal insulation, Building and Environment, Vol. 43, No. 10, October 2008,app.1603-1618. [11] Bruce King, (2003), “Load-bearing straw bale structures a summary of testing and experience to date”, Ecological Building Network (EBNet),www.ecobuildnetwork.org/strawbale. [12] Bruce King (2006), “Design of Straw Bale Buildings”,Green Building Press San Rafael, CA. [13] BS EN ISO 8990: 1996: Thermal insulation. Determination of steady-state thermal transmission properties – Calibrated and guarded hot box [14] Catton, I.Natural convection in enclosures , Proceedings of the 6th International Heat Transfer Conference, Toronto, Canada, Vol. 6, 1978,pp,13-31 [15] Harris DJ. 1999. A quantitative approach to the assessment of the environmental impact of building materials. Build Environ. 34: 751-758. [16] Holman, J.P. (1997), Heat Transfer (8th ed.), McGraw Hill, p. 2, ISBN 0-07-844785-2 [17] Incropera, Frank P [18] Jellen, A. C. and Memari, A. M. (2013). “Residential vertical expansion of existing commercial buildings using modular construction methods.” Proceedings of the 2nd Residential Building Design and Construction Conference 216–229. [19] Johnson, C., Slawson, T., Cummins, T., and Davis,J. (2004). “Concrete masonry unit walls retrofitted with elastomeric systems for blast loads.” 24th Army Science Conference, Orlando, United States, 1–9. [20] K. S. Al-Jabri, A. W. Hago, A. S. Al-Nuaimi and A. H. Al-Saidy: Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 35 (2005), pp. 1472 – 1479 [21] N. Khalil and H. N. Husin: Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 2 (2009), pp. 186 – 191 [22] Project submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin,Ilorin, 1-82. [23] Ritz, W. (1909), “Über eine Neue Metode zur Lösung gewisserVariationsprobleme der Matematischen Physik // J. Reine Angew”, Math., 1909, Vol. 135, 1-61. [24] Santos, G.H., Mendes, N.Heat, air and moisture transfer through hollow porous blocks, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.52, No 9-10, April 2009,pp. 2390-2398. [25] The Thermal Conductivity and Cold Crushing Strength Of Locally Produced Sandcrete Bricks of Different Compositions of Sawdust, Palm-Nut Fibre And Pozzolana Incorporated- A Search for Room Comfort in the Tropics, http://datad.aau.org:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/739 [26] Z. Li, X. Wang and L. Wang: Composites: Part A (2006), pp. 497 – 505 [27] R. Kolop, W. I. M Haziman and J. W. Eng in: International Conference on Civil Engineering Practice (ICCE’08) (2008).**

04

An Appraisal of Solid Waste Disposal Practices in Samaru Community, Zaria - Nigeria

Abdulsalam Dalhatu, Usman Adamu and Aliyu Suleiman Shika · February 2020 · pp. 27-32

Solid waste disposal has been a problem to Man because of the level of daily generation in different levels and where they are been dumped have been a serious effect to the built environment. This study appraise solid waste disposal in Samaru community using a Checklist as the instrument of data collection. Five (5) clusters having residential, commercial and institutional occupancy types were used for data collection within the study area. While the solid waste quantity was measured using a Digital scale in kilogram per house per day (kg/house/day). The results deduced shows that, major occupants in the community to made up of 83.1% residential, 14.3% commercial and 2.6% institutional. In addition, the solid waste been generated is majorly rubbish (45.4%) and garbage (44.0%,) usually from the kitchen with 53.7%, which comprises of 39.7% of the food items mostly using plastic containers (35.0%) and polythene bags (38.6%) for storage. The average solid waste generated in the community is 1.30, 2.10 and 1.53 kg/house/day in residential, commercial and institutional building respectively, with a recycling and reuse getting more awareness as there is up to 20.6% of the respondent perceiving its value. It is thus evident that, the present method and way of solid waste disposal at Samaru community Zaria is inadequate. Thus, a well-known waste collection points in the streets are suggest with a sustainable designed frequency.

**[1] Agdag, O. (2009). Comparison of Old And New Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in Denizli, Turkey, Waste Management, Vol. 29, PP 456-464. [2] Agunwamba, JC., Egbuniwe, N. and Ogwueleka, TC. (2003). Least cost management of solid waste collection. Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, 29(3):154-167 [3] Bako, A. (2014). Municipal Solid Waste, Re-use and Recycling for Wealth Creation and Sustainable Environment in Zaria. Unpublished Thesis Department of Mechanical Engineering Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. [4] Buhari, M.M. and Suleiman A.S. (2009). An Appraisal of Solid Waste Management in Selected Housing Estate in Abuja. The Professional Builder, Journal oF Nigeria Institute of Building, July 2009. P 54-58 [5] Chukwuemeka, E. E. O., Osisioma B. C., Onwuka, E. and Ugwu J. (2012).The Challenges of Waste Management to Nigeria Sustainable Development: A study of Enugu State. International Journal of Research Studies in Management (1)2:79-87 [6] Ebikapade, A. and Jim B. (2017). Solid Waste Management Trends in Nigeria. British Journal of Environmental Sciences. 5(6): 25- 37 [7] Edward, O. E., Peter C. A. and Gbenga A. A. (2017). Financial and Economic Implications of Solid Waste Management in Nigeria. JORIND 15(1):330-340 [8] Fewtrell, L. R. (2005). water,sanitation and hygiene intervention to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries. systematic reveiw and meta-analysis,vol. 5, pp 42-52. [9] Geoffrey, I. (2005). The urban informal sector in Nigeria, towords economic development, environmental health,and social harmony. Waste management, Vol. l22 , PP 55-567 [10] Graiser, S. (2007). The best ways to manage solid waste in deneloping Nations. Iternational journal of Environment,4(3):39-40. [11] Ikemike, D. (2015). Effective Solid Waste Management: A Panacea to Disease Prevention and Healthy Environment in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Education and Review. 3(3):65-75 [12] Jibrin, D. J., Ibrahim B. S., Maimuna S., Suleiman A.S., Muna I. and Shahabudin A. (2012). 3r’s Critical Success Factor in Solid Waste Magement System for Higher Educational Institutional ICIBSOS Procedia-social and BehavioralSciences Page668-673 [13] Kwetey S., Samuel J. C., Wilhemina A. and Abudu B. D. (2014). Household Demand and Willingness to Pay for Solid Waste Management Service in Tuobodom in the Techiman-North District, Ghana. American Journal of Environmental Protection. 2(4):74-78. [14] Martin O. A. (2012). The Role of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste Management in the Gama, Ghana: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Economic and Social Geography. 103(4): 412-425 [15] Mudiare M. O. (2015). Analysis of Domestic Solid Waste Management Strategies in Tunga - Chanchaga Local Government Area, Niger State Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. Environmental Management Thesis. Department of Geography Faculty of Science Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. [16] Ogwueleka, T.C. (2004). Planning Model for Refuse Management. Journal of Science and Technology Research, 3(2):71-76. [17] Ogwueleka, T.C (2009). Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management in Nigeria. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Engineering., 6(3):173-180 [18] Oseni, B. (2012). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries (Part II), Environment of Nigeria. [online]available from [30 January, 2017] [19] Sado S.T. (2015). Evaluation of Solid Waste Disposal Practices in Ahmadu Bello University Main Campus in Zaria. Unpublished Thesis, Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria [20] Stanley A.M., Andrew S.S., Dania A.A. and Sani I.F. (2012). An Assessment of Household Solid Waste Disposal Practices In Sabon Gari,Zaria. ATBU Journal of Environmental Technology 5(1):48-59 [21] Tcholoanglas, G. A. (2002). Handbook of solid management. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book. [22] WHO-UNICEF (2005). Joint Monitoring Programme, Worldwide Sanitation.accessed 25/06/07. [23] World Bank. (1992). World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5975**

05

Construction Safety Management: A Requisite for Efficiency and Productivity Using Some Selected Firms in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Sunday Segun Olutimayin, Timothy Sunday Aiyeetan, Caleb Michael Lawal, Omolola Olubusayo Komolafe · February 2020 · pp. 33-39

Construction firms’ activities and accidents on sites are significantly rated high in Nigeria. To reduce this menace, various construction sites in Minna, Niger state were examined and the aim was to study the attitude of construction firms towards the awareness of safety in construction site, and to establish whether there is relationship between safety provision for workers and workers’ productivity. Five construction firms in minna were used for this research. In achieving this objectives, questionnaire were distributed to some firms within minna. Primary and secondary data was used to analyze the data. Primary data were obtained through interviews and structured worksheet. In each of the construction companies, some workers were interviewed. Secondary data were obtained from the reviews of relevant academic materials to this research. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Among the findings are: how safety measures for workers on site will improve the performance and enhance the company’s productivity; the trends of experience in management of construction firms has tremendously improved the nomadic nature of construction operation as ranked sequentially; dissemination of information on safety techniques will reduce accidents on site and increase the worker’s morale for better performance. Ineffectiveness of government policy on safety measures especially in construction work was found to have contributed to low productivity by workers on site, since they don’t have access to any claim even when accident occurred on site. The study recommends that government should address the issue of safety policy (safety act) from grass root to ensure workers are fully compensated when there is accident on site; law must protect the health, safety and welfare of workers.

06

Disposal of Solid Waste and Environmental Hazard Control in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State for Sustainable Nigeria

Segun Sunday Olutimayin, Michael Caleb Lawal, Timothy Sunday Aiyeetan, Omolola Olubusayo Komolafe · February 2020 · pp. 40-46

The more waste we generate ,the more we have to dispose of .The disposal of solid waste in the world is a problem that continues to grow with growth of population .This research work therefore has the main objectives of looking into how household waste generated are disposed in Ado-Ekiti and the method used to achieve the disposal. For this purpose some areas were randomly selected across the city of Ado –Ekiti .Data was then collected from three houses in each area. These data were analyzed to determine the value of solid waste generated per capita per day. The projected volume and the complexity of the solid waste generating for the next 20years was also determined by using the city population with amount of solid waste generated. Field survey indicated that the amount of solid waste generated have increased and will continue to increase in the foreseeable future and there has been a noticeable management measures in sanitary landfill system of disposal for the disposal of waste generated presently and for the future. Increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to overpopulation, affluence and technological advancement. The research therefore recommends that: sanitary landfill is the best method of waste disposal as far as Ado-Ekiti is concern; there should be educational programme and campaign to the people in order to give the people the enlightenment on the need to keep their environment clean by making use of the waste storage containers and their co-operation with collection crews.

**[1] Adebayo, W.O (1995) “Environmental Consequences of Waste Generation and Disposal Techniques along road side, Drains and Stream Channels in a Tropical Urban Centre” [2] Adedibu , A.A (1985) “A Comparative Analysis of Solid Waste Composition and Generation in Two Cities of a Developing Nation” [3] Akpan, E.A (1995) “Environmental Health Education (Macmillan publishers) [4] Aribisala, J.O (1997) “Waste transport in unsaturated soils A seminar paper presented to Department of civil Engineering, Former ondo state University, Ado –Ekiti. [5] Backer et al (1994) “Urbanization in Developing countries” in World Bank research Observer vol.17, No.1. [6] Bairoh, P.(1988) “ Cities and Economic Development from the dawn of the present London Mansell Publishing 574p. [7] Chesswas, J.D. (1969) Population projection Techniques and National Bureau of Statistics. [8] Henderson, (2002) “Urbanization in Developing Countries in World Bank Research Observer vol.17.No.1 [9] Hoornweg (2000), Aribisala et al (2004) Waste Management system [10] Jeffe et al , 1993 “ The principles of Recycling ” A write up on Recycling method. [11] Leton ,T.G and Omotoso .O.(2004) Landfill Operation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. [12] Maciaren International (1990) A handbook on Environmental Engineering and Management [13] McGranahaG,et al (1990) “ Environmental change and human health in Countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific [14] Ojo (1985)”Solid Waste and Sewage Disposal” .A Seminar paper presented to the Nigeria Society of Engineers (Ado-Ekiti Branch) [15] Ramachandran (2010) Solid Waste Management Article on Causes and Central Measures of Waste [16] Rappaport, .A.(1973) “ The Ecology of Housing ” Ecologist,Vol 3.No.1 January [17] Richard ,D.Ross (1978) Handbook in Industrial Waste ,London Heinemann Educational Books Second Edition. [18] Standards and Guidelines for Sanitary Landfills (1971).Division of Solid Waste Planning .Jackson, MS [19] U.S.A Environmental protection Agency 2006 [20] US Recycling Publication (2011) “Waste Recycling and Management concept [21] Wiley: Design of Landfills and Integrated Solid Waste Management, 3rd Edition.**

07

Path loss Prediction for TVWS Network for Urban Region of Onitsha, South-East Nigeria

Kebiru Abu, Jerome Dada K., Abolaji Stephen O. , Usman Abdul-Rasheed O. · February 2020 · pp. 47-54

Cognitive Radio has now become a pragmatic option for the solution of the spectrum scarcity problem in wireless communication. TV channels (primary user) can be protected from secondary user interference by accurate prediction of TV White Spaces (TVWS) by using suitable propagation modeling. To establish any mobile communication system, the fundamental task is to predict the coverage of the proposed system in wide-range, and the accurate determination of the propagation path loss leads to development of efficient design and operation of quality networks. Many such different approaches have been developed, over time, to predict network coverage using what are identified as propagation models. This paper presents a measurement-based path loss model, from experimental data collected in Onitsha urban, South-East Nigeria. Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements were gathered in Onitsha from Nigerian television Authority (NTA) operating at 583.25MHz. The result of the measurements were used to characterize and develop path loss model for NTA Onitsha Environment and the result depicts that the path loss for the measurement environment increases by 3.10dB per decade.

**[1] Yuan Y, Bahl P, Chandra R, Chou P.A., Ferrell J.I., Moscibroda T., Narlanka S., and Wu Y., (2007). "KNOWS: Cognitive radio networks over white spaces." In New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2007. DySPAN. 2nd IEEE International Symposium, pp. 416-427. [2] Ayyappan, K, et al, (2008). “Propagation Model for Highway in mobile communication system”, indio [3] Okorogu V.N, Onyishi D.U, Nwalozie G.C, Utebor N.N (May, 2013). “Empirical Characterization of Propagation Path Loss and Performance Evaluation for Co-Site Urban Environment” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 70– No.10. [4] Nwalozie Gerald .C, Ufoaroh S.U, Ezeagwu C.O, Ejiofor A.C (2014). “ Path loss prediction for GSM Mobile networks for urban Region of Aba, South-East Nigeria”. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.2, February- 2014, pg. 267-281 [5] Electronic Communication Committee (ECC, 2003). The Analysis of the Coexistence of FWA cells in the 3.4-3.8 GHz Band. In the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration. Tech. Report. ECC Report 33. [6] Oluwole, F. J., and Olajide, O. Y. (2013). “Radio frequency propagation mechanisms and empirical models for hilly areas.” International. Journal of Elect. Comput. Eng. (3): pp. 372–376. [7] Wang, H., Noh, G., Kim, D., Kim, S., and Hong, D. (2010). “Advanced sensing techniques of energy detection in cognitive radios.” Communications and Networks, Journal of 12, no. 1. pp. 19-29. [8] Chebil J, Lawas A.K, and Islam M. D, (2013)."Comparison between measured and predicted path loss for mobile communication in Malaysia." World Applied Sciences Journal 21: pp. 123-128. [9] Ubom, E.A., Idigo, V. E., Azubogu, A.C.O., Ohaneme, C.O., and Alumona, T. L. (June, 2015). “Path loss Characterization of Wireless Propagation for South -South Region of Nigeria”. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp 360-364. [10] Azubogu, A.C.O., Onoh G.N., Idigo V.E., Ohaneme C.O., (2011), “Empirical-Statistical Propagation Path loss Model for Suburban Environment of Nigeria at 800MHz Band”, International Union of Papers and Journal of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, India, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp 56-59. [11] Smith, M. S. et al., (April, 2000). “A new methodology for deriving path loss models from cellular drive test data, Proc. AP 2000,Conference, Davos, Switzerland. [12] Erceg, V. and Greenstein L J, Tjandra S Y, Parkoff S R, Gupta A, et al. (1999). “An Empirically Based Path Loss Model for Wireless Channels in Suburban Environments” IEEE journal on selected areas in communications, vol. 17, pp. 1205-1211. [13] Hope M, Antoine B, Marco Z., Guy .L. Z (2015). “On the Impact of Propagation Models on TV White Space Measurements in Africa”. International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC) pp. 148–154. DOI: 10.1109/etncc.2015.7184825**

08

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Analysis of Asymmetric Sprays of Large Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engines

Imre G. Nagy, Christos Papadopoulos, Lambros Kaiktsis · February 2020 · pp. 55-67

Low-dimensional modeling has proven its applicability in internal combustion engine research for comparison of simulated and experimental data, moreover in identification of instantaneous and time-dependent flow structures. The paper presents results of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis of asymmetric spray jets emanating from large two-stroke marine Diesel engine injectors. The spray primary breakup is simulated by means of (three-dimensional) Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and characterized by a non-mean subtracting POD analysis. First, proper tests are performed to verify the independence of results on the number of snapshots and shedding cycles. The results of the present POD analysis demonstrate that the spray dynamics, focusing on the concentration and the velocity field, can be represented by a few dominant modes. In particular, for the concentration field, POD mode 1 contains approximately 80% of the total energy, whereas, the second most energetic POD mode captures5% of the energy. The concentration field LES results were thus accurately reconstructed in terms of only the first four dominant modes. The time coefficients of POD modes are characterized by means of spectral analysis. The present computational study demonstrates the role of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities of the spray shear layer in disintegrating the spray liquid core.

**[1] Weisser G. & Von Rotz B. & Schmid A. & Schulz R. & Herrmann K. Investigations into spray and combustion processes at conditions typical of large diesel engines making use of a spray combustion chamber specifically devised for this purpose. In:14. Tagung Der Arbeitporzess des Verbrennungsmotors, Graz, Austria, 24-25 September 2013. [2] Schmid A. & Von Rotz B. & Schulz R. & Herrmann K. & Weisser G. &Bombach R. Influence of nozzle hole eccentricity on spray morphology. In: ILASS 2013, Chania, Greece, September 2013, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2128.3209. [3] Nagy I. G., Matrisciano A., Lehtiniemi H., Mauss F. Influence of nozzle eccentricity on spray structures in marine diesel sprays.In: 13th International Conference on Engines and Vehicles, Capri, Italy, September 2017, DOI:10.4271/2017-24-0031. [4] Nagy I. G., Schmid A., Hensel S. &Dahnz C. Computational analysis of spray primary breakup in 2-stroke marine diesel engines with different nozzle layouts. In: 13th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. (13), Tainan, Taiwan, 23-27 August 2015. [5] Nagy I. G., Schmid A., Kaiktsis L. Characterization of asymmetric spray structures in large marine diesel engine sprays.,1stEcco-mate Conference, Lund, Sweden, 2016. [6] Hunt J. C. R., Wray A. A. and Moin P. Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent zones.Proc. 1988 Summer Program, Stanford N.A.S.A. Centre for Turbulent Research, CTR-S88, November 1988. [7] Zhang L. and Yang V. Flow dynamics and mixing of a transverse jet in crossflow – Part I: steady crossflow.ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 139(8), January 2017, DOI:10.1115/1.4035808. [8] Zhang L. and Yang V. Flow dynamics and mixing of a transverse jet in crossflow – Part II: oscillating crossflow.ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 139(8), January 2017, DOI: 10.1115/1.4035809. [9] Holmen V. Methods for Vortex Identification. Master Thesis, Numerical Methods and Fluid Mechanics, Lund University, November 2012. [10] Meyer K. E., Cavar D. and Pedersen J.M. POD as tool for comparison of PIV and LES data. In:7thInternational Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry., Faculty of Engineering, University La Sapienza, Roma, Italy, 11-14 September 2007. [11] Kaiktsis L. and Monkewitz P. A. Global destabilization of flow over a backward-facing step. Physics of Fluids15(12):3647-3658,December 2003, DOI: 10.1063/1.1621003. [12] Narayanan V., Lightfoot M. D. A., Schumaker S. A., Danczyk S. A. and Eilers B.Use of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition towards time-resolved image analysis of sprays. In: ILASS Americas, 23rd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Ventura, CA, May 2011. [13] GamardS. and George W. K., Jung D., Woodward S. Application of a slice proper orthogonal decomposition to the far field of an axisymmetric turbulent jet.Physics of Fluids14(07), July 2002. [14] Liu K. and Haworth D. C. Development and assessment of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for analysis of turbulent flow in piston engines.SAE Technical papers, April 2011, DOI: 104271/2011-01-0830. [15] Qin W., Xu M., Yin P., Hung David L. S. Analysis of the cycle-to-cycle variations of in-cylinder vortex structure and vorticity using phase-invariant Proper Orthogonal Decomposition., In: JSAE/SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, September 2015, DOI: 10.4271/2015-01-1904. [16] Raposo J., Hentschel W., Merzkirch W.Analysis of the dynamical behavior of coherent structures in in-cylinder flows of internal combustion engines. In:In-cylinder flows of internal combustion engines, 10th International Symposium on Application of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, 10-13 July 2000. [17] Pastur L., Lusseyran F., Faure T., Podvin B. and Fraigneau Y. POD-based technique for 3D flow reconstruction using 2D data set., In:The 13th International Symposium on Flow Visualization 11(4):395-400, Nice, France, December 2008, DOI: 10.1007/BF03182208. [18] Regert T., Rambaud P., Riethmuller M. R. Investigation of the link between physics and POD modes., In: Recent Developments in Non-Intrusive Measurement Technology for Military Application on Model-and Full-Scale Vehicles (pp. 4-1-4-12), Meeting ProceedingsRTO-MP-AVT-124 paper 4, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France:RTO., 2005. [19] Kostas J., Soria J., Chong M. S. Particle Image Velocimetry measurement of a backward-facing step flow. Experiments in Fluids (2002), 33: 838-853, June 2002. [20] Qin W., Hung D. L. S., Xu M. Investigation of the temporal evolution and spatial variation of in-cylinder engine fuel spray characteristics. In: Energy Conversion and Management, 98(2015), pp. 430-439, 2015. [21] Bizon K., Continillo G., Leistner K. C., Mancaruseo E., Vaglieco B. M. POD-based anaylsis of cycle-to-cycle variations in an optically accessible Diesel engine, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 32(2009) pp. 2809-2816, 2009. [22] Bizon K., Continillo G., Mancaruseo E., Merola S. S. POD-based analysis of combustion images in optically accessible engines. In: Combustion and Flame, 157(2010) pp. 632-640, 2010. [23] Tirunagari S., Hulkkonen T., Vourinen V., Kaario O., Larmi M. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis of cross sectional fuel spray data.In: ICLASS 12th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Heidelberg, Germany, Sept. 2-6, 2012, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2395.4329. [24] Tirunagari S., Vourinen V., Kaario O., Larmi M. Analysis of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Dynamic Mode Decomposition on LES of subsonic jets. CSI Journal of Computing 1(03), January 2012. [25] Chen H., Xu M., Hung D. L. S., Yang J., Zhuang H. Development of a POD-based analysis approach for quantitative comparison of spray structure variations in a spar-ignition direct-injection engine. SAE International Conference, 2013, DOI:10.4271/2013-01-2545. [26] Lumley J. L. The structure of inhomogeneous turbulent flows., In: Atmospheric Turbulence and Radio Wave Propagation, 166-178, 1967. [27] Sirovich L. Turbulence and dynamics of coherent structures, Parts I-III.Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 45(03), pp. 561-571, October 1987, DOI: 10.1090/qam/910463. [28] Chatterjee A. An introduction to the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition. Current Science 78(7), pp. 808-817, April 2000. [29] Siegel S., Cohen K., Seidel J. and McLaughlin T. State estimation of transient flow fields using double Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (DPOD), Active Flow Control, NNFM 95, pp. 105-118, 2007. [30] Chen H., Reuss D. L. and Sick V. On the use and interpretation of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of in-cylinder engine flows. Measurement Science and Technology 23(2012), 085302, pp. 14, 2012. [31] El-Adawy M., Heikal M. R., Aziz A. Rashid A., Adam I. K., Ismael M. A., Babiker M. E., Baharom M. B., Abidin F. and Abidin E. Z. Z. On the application of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) for in-cylinder flow analysis. In: Energies, 11(2018), 2261, DOI:10.3390/en11092261, 2018. [32] Berkooz G., Holmes P. and Lumley J. L. The proper orthogonal decomposition in the analysis of turbulent flows.Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics25(01):539-575, pp. 539-575, 1993, DOI:10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.002543. [33] Holmes P., Lumley J. L., Berkooz G., Rowely C. W.Turbulence, Coherent Structures, Dynamical Systems and Symmetry. 2nd editionCambridge University Press, 23 February 2012. [34] Rowley C. W., Dawson S. T. M. Model reduction for flow analysis and control.Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 49, pp. 387-417, 2017. [35] Kerschen G., Golinval J-C., Vakakis A. F. and Bergman L. A. The method of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for dynamical characteristics and order reduction of mechanical systems: An Overview.Non-linear Dynamics41:147, pp. 147-169, 2005. [36] George W. K. Insight into the Dynamics of Coherent Structures from a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition.Symposium on Near Wall Turbulence, Hemisphere, 1989. [37] Taira K., Brunton S. L., Dawson S. T. M., Rowley C. W., Colonius T., McKeon B. J., Schmidt O. T., Gordeyev S., Theofilis V., Ukeiley L. S. Modal analysis of fluid flows: an overview.AIAAAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics55(12), December 2017. [38] Berkooz G., Holmes P., Lumley J. L. and Mattingly J. C. Low-dimensional models of coherent structures in turbulence.Physics Reports, Review Section of Physics Letters 287, N4:338-384, 1997. [39] Meyer K. E., Pedersen J. M. and Ozcan O. A turbulent jet in crossflow analyzed with proper orthogonal decomposition.Journal of Fluid Mechanics583,pp. 199-227, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112007006143, 2007. [40] Star-CD version 4.18, Methodology, LES models, Chapter 2, page 32, 2012. [41] Khare P., Wang S., Yang V.Modeling of finite-size droplets and particles in multiphase flows.Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 28(4), pp. 974-982, August 2015. [42] Coltrin S., The Influence of Nozzle Spacing and Diameter on the Acoustic Emissions of Closely Spaced Supersonic Jet Arrays.Master Thesis, Brigham Young University, All theses and dissertations, Provo, February 2012. [43] Webster D. R. and Longmire E. K. Vortex dynamics in jets from inclined nozzles. Physics of Fluids 9 (3), 1997. [44] Duke D. J., Swantek A. B., Matusik K. E. and Powell C. F. X-ray radiography measurements and numerical simulations of cavitation in a metal nozzle.,In: ILASS Americas 28th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Dearborn, Michigan, May 2016. [45] Ahmed M. H. and Barber T. J. POD convergence criterion for numerically solved periodic fluid flows.WASE Transactions on Computer, 5 1167-1172, January 2004. [46] Arienti M., Corn M., Hagen G. S., Madabhushi R. K. and Soteriou M. C. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition applied to liquid jet dynamics.In: ILASS Americas, 21th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Orlando, Florida, 18-21 May2008. [47] Siegel S., Cohen K., Seidel J. and McLaughlin T. Short time Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for state estimation of transient flow fields. 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, 10-13 January 2005. [48] Charalampous G., Hadjiyiannis C. and Hardalupas Y. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of primary breakup and spray in co-axial airblast atomizers, Physics of Fluids 31, 043304 (2019), DOI:10.1063/1.3263165, 2019. [49] Khan M. M. and Sheikh N. A.Identification and characterization of coherent structures in gasoline injector nozzle flow using proper orthogonal decomposition.Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 30(8), pp. 3673-3680, 2016. [50] Guadard E., Druault P., Marchiano R. and Van Herpe F. POD and Fourier analysis of a fluid-structure-acoustic interaction problem related to interior car noise.Mechanics and Industry 18(02), Art.no.:201, January 2017. [51] Kypraiou M., Dowling A., Mastorakos E. and Karimi N. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis of a turbulent swirling self-excited premixed flame, In: 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Kissimmee, Florida, United States of America, 5-9 January 2015. [52] Charalampous G. and Hardalupas Y. Application of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to the morphological analysis of confined co-axial jets of immiscible liquids with comparable densities. Physics of Fluids 26, 113301 (2014), DOI:10.1063/1.4900944, 2014. [53] Charalampous G. and Hardalupas Y. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis of photographic and optical connectivity time resolved images of an atomising liquid jet. In: ILASS- Europe 2011, 24th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Estoril, Portugal, September 2011.**

09

Evaluation, DNA Fingerprinting and Productivity of Some Superior Seeded Female Egyptian Date Palms

Merwad, M.A.; E.A.M. Mostafa; N.E. Ashour; M.M.S. Saleh; S.A.A.Heiba and Magda A. M. El-Enany · February 2020 · pp. 68-75

This investigation was carried out to study the fingerprinting and genetic relationships between new two soft seeded date palms namely Baker (1) and Baker (2) comparing with Zaghloul female cultivar grown in Giza Governorates, Egypt. RAPD technique was used to detect DNA fingerprinting for the investigated genotypes. Concerning the molecular level, 9 primers were used for RAPD-PCR analysis. These primers gave a total 69 of different bands for three genotypes. The most Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value and polymorphism percentage that detected by OPB-07 markers showed the high score (11 bands) with 85.71% polymorphism. Primer OPA-02 revealed a low level of bands (5 bands) with 60% polymorphism .The relationships among the genotypes divided into two clusters. The first cluster included Zaghloul and Baker (2). The second cluster included Baker (1) only. The results revealed that, Zaghloul cultivar recorded the highest value of vegetative parameters such as trunk length and girth, while seeded female date palm namely Baker (1) and Baker (2) recorded higher numbers of leaves/palm, leaf length, number of leaflets/leaf and leaflet length. Also, Baker (1) and Baker (2) produced the heaviest bunch weight and yield/palm as compared with Zaghloul cultivar. On the other hand, Baker (2) recorded the highest fruit weight and fruit dimension. Also, Baker (1) and baker (2) produced high values of fruit chemical properties such as total soluble solids (TSS), non-reducing sugars %, reducing sugars % and total sugars % in both studied seasons. These results revealed that female date seeded date palms namely Baker (1) and Baker (2) are considered as promising to be new high yield strains with a good fruit quality compared with Zaghloul date palm cultivar.

**[1] Abdalla, A.S. (2002). Evaluation of three date palm seedling types grown at El-Dakhla Oasis New Valley, Egypt. Proc. Minia 1st Conf. for Agric. and Environ. Sci. Minia, Egypt, March (2002) 25-28, pp. 1755- 1763. [2] Abdalla, M.G. (2012). Evaluation of some seeded date palm trees grown under Assiut climatic conditions. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., Egypt. [3] Adawy, S.S., Ebtissam H.A. Hussein, Samer E.M.E. Ismail and Hanaiya A. El-Itriby (2005). Genomic diversity in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as revealed by AFLPs in comparison to RAPDs and ISSRs. Arab J. Biotech., 8 (1): 99-114. [4] Ahmed, T.A., Al-Hadidi S.H., Al-Qaradawi A.Y. and Radwan O. (2013). Determination of inter- and intra specific genetic variations among Qatari date palm cultivars using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 12 (19): 2540- 2546. [5] Al-Ameri, A.A., Al-Qurainy F., Gaafar A.Z., Khan S. and Nadeem M. (2016). Molecular identification of sex in Phoenix dactylifera L. using inter simple sequence repeat markers. Biomed Res. Int., 2016:1–5. [6] Al-Khalifah, N.S. and Askari E. (2003). Molecular phylogeny of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia by DNA fingerprinting. Theor. Appl. Genet., 107(7):1266–1270. [7] A.O.A.C. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists., Washington De. Pp., 440-510. [8] Ashour, N.E., Mostafa E.A.M., Saleh M.M.S., Heiba S.A.A., Haiba A.A.A. (2017). Selection, Evaluation and DNA Fingerprinting of Some Superior Female Seeded Date Palms. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(12):218-227. [9] Awad, M.A. (2006). Fruit set failure and abnormal fruiting of tissue culture derived Nabout saif date palm as affected by pollinator type and pollination intensity. Third International Date Palm Conference Abu-Dhbi United Arab Emirate, 19-21 February. [10] Badran, M.A.F.M. and M.R. El-Shenawy (2009). Evaluation of some soft and semi dry date palm seedling colons growing under Assuit conditions. Minia J. Agric. Res. and Develop, 29(2): 317-331. [11] Baker, E., M. Hasseib and A.A.M. Metwaly (2003). Selection of a superior semi dry date palm tree under Assiut conditions. Proc. of the International Conference on Date Palm, 16-19 September in Saudi Arabia: 756-780. [12] Corniquel, B. and Mercier L. (1997). Identification of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars by RFLP: partial characterization of a cDNA probe that contains a sequence encoding a zinc finger motif. Int. J. Plant Sci., 158:152–156. [13] Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F- Test Biometrics, 11: 1-42. [14] Edwards, K., Johnstone C., Thompson C. (1991). A simple and rapid method for the preparation of plant genomic DNA for PCR analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 9(6):1349. [15] El-Kosary, S., and S. S. Soliman (2003). Samani and Zaghloul date palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) productivity as influenced by different pollen source and two hand pollination methods. Assuit J. Agric. Sci., 34 (2): 65–97. [16] El-Salhy, A.M.; R.A. Ibrahim; E.G. Gadalla and H.K.H. Khalil (2016). Evaluation of Some Seeded Dry Date Palm Grown Under Aswan Climatic Condition. Assiut J. Agric. Sci., 47 (4):136-155. [17] El-Sharabasy, S.F.; El. T. El-Baz; O.H. El-Shiaty and F. Fawzi (2003). Evaluation of nine seedling date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) males in pollination of Zaghloul date palm cultivar. Zagazig J. Agric., 30 (4): 1463-1475. [18] FAO, Food Agriculture and organization (2014). Quarterly Bulletins of Statistics 8 (112) 31. Yearly Book Annu. Air Production, 45: 154-155. [19] Gadalla, E. G. (2013). Selection and evaluation of some superior date palm strains growing in Aswan Governorate. Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 28 (8): 454-481. [20] Hamza, H., Benabderrahim M.A., Elbekkay M., Ferdaous G., Triki T., Ferchichi A. (2012). Investigation of genetic variation in Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using ISSR marker systems and their relation with fruit characteristics. Turkish Journal of Biology, 36: 449- 458. [21] Hussein, H.A. Ebtissam, Al-Said. M.S., El- Itriby, Hanaiya A. and Madkour, M.A. (2002). Genotyping Egyptian cotton varieties (G. barbadense) using molecular markers. Poster, Biotechnology and Sustainable Development: Voices of the South and North Conf., Bibliotheca Alexandria Conference Center, March 16-20 (2002), Alexandria, Egypt. [22] Ibrahim, R.A. (2008). Physiological studies on some date palm under Assiut conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., Egypt. [23] Ismail, B., I. Hoffar, R. Baalbaki, Y. Mechref and J. Henry (2006). Physico-chemical characteristics and total quality of five date varieties grown in the United Arab Emirates. International J. of Food Sci. and Technology, 41 (8): 919. [24] Jaradate, A.A. and A. Zaid (2004). Quality traits of date palm fruits in a center of origin and center of diversity. International J. of Food, Agric. and the Environment, 2 (1): 208-217. [25] Khan, R.U., Rushid A. and Mhan M.S. (2008). Evaluation of date palm cultivars with their monetary returns under ecological zone of Dera Ismail Khan. J. Agric. Res., 46 (1): 93-98. [26] Khierallah, H.S.M., Bader S.M., Baum M. and Hamwieh A. (2011). Genetic diversity of Iraqi date palms revealed by microsatellite polymorphism. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 136:282–287. [27] Marsafari, M. and Mehrabi A.A. (2013). Molecular identification and genetic diversity of Iranian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using ISSR and RAPD markers. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 7(8):1160–1166. [28] Maryam, J.M.J., Awan F.S., Ahmad S., Khan I.A. (2016). Development of molecular methods for sex identification in date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L) plantlets using novel sex-linked microsatellites markers. 3 Biotech., 6: 22. [29] Mirbahar, A.M., Markhand G.S., Khan S. and Abul-Soad A.A. (2014). Molecular characterization of some Pakistani date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars by RAPD markers. Pak. J. Bot., 46(2):619–625. [30] Reichardt, M. and Rogers S. (1994). Plant DNA isolation using CTAB. In: Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, Struhl K (eds) Current protocols in molecular biology. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, pp 2.3.3–2.3. [31] Rokba, A.M.; S.A. Seif and A.I. Abou El-Azayem (1990). Biological studies on some date palm seedling grown in Fayoum Governorate. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 15 (2): 232-238. [32] Sabir, J., Schwarz E.N., Ellison N., Zhang J., Baeshen N.A., Mutwakil M., Jansen R.K., Ruhlman T.A. (2014). Evolutionary and biotechnology implications of plastid genome variation in the inverted‐repeat‐lacking clade of legumes. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 12: 743– 754. [33] Saker, M.M., Adawy S.S., Mohamed A.A. and El-Itriby H. (2006). Monitoring of cultivar identity in tissue culture-derived date palms using RAPD and AFLP analysis. Biol. Plant., 50(2):198–204. [34] Salem, M.S. and Z.M. Hamed (1993). Evaluation of some Iraqi date palm under condition of Upper Egypt. Egypt. J. Applied Sci., 8(5): 250-269. [35] Sambrook, J., Fritsch, K.F. and Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular cloning, second edition (Cold Spring Harbor, New York). [36] Sayed, S.M. (1999). Evaluation of some date palm cultivars grown under El-Minia region conditions. M.Sc. Thesis Fac. Agric. El-Minia Univ. [37] Sedra, M.H., Lashermes, P., Trouslot, P., Combes, M.C. and Hamon, S. (1998). Identification and genetic diversity analysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties from Morocco using RAPD markers. Euphytica, 103: 75-82. [38] Sourial, G.F., M.A. Meligi, A.M. Mohsen, A. Khalifa and M.Y. Abdalla (1983). Fruit setting, yield and bunch characteristics of some Iraqi date palm cultivars grown under El-Barrage region, Egypt. In: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Date Palm in Saudi Arabia, March 23-25, 1983. Pp., 196-201. [39] Williams, J.G.K., Kublick, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.A. and Tingey, S.V. (1990). DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18: 6531-6535. [40] Yusuf, A.O., Culham A., Aljuhani W., Ataga C.D., Hamza A.M., Odewale J.O. and Enaberue L.O. (2015). Genetic diversity of Nigerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) germplasm based on microsatellite markers. Int. J. Bio. Sci. Bio. Technol., 7(1):121–132.**

10

Role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) & Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) in Improving interpersonal Skills: A Review

Thuhin Nanjappa · February 2020 · pp. 76-77

I. INTRODUCTION Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) are imperative in today’s corporate world. There is a growing importance of comprehensive analysis in the corporate sectors to support decision making. Insights on emotional intelligencehelps guide thinking and behaviour to adapt to dynamic environments, ensuring accomplishment of the organisation’s goals. The use of EI and NLP also allows strategic and efficient administration. Human resource management is now assuming a greater role to strategic business partners. Successful companies realize that true competitive advantage lies in their people. The aim of this review article is to compare the role of Emotional Intelligence and Neuro Linguistic Programming in improving interpersonal skills and building up the organizational capabilities, paving the way to business excellence.

11

Analytical Modal Analysis of RC Building Retrofitted with CFRP using Finite Element Method

Sertaç TUHTA, Furkan GÜNDAY · February 2020 · pp. 78-82

Many buildings in developing countries around the world are constantly facing earthquake effects. Against these effects, existing buildings need to be strengthened. In the last 20 years, fabrics reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) have become a common material used to strengthen reinforced concrete buildings. In our country, mostly column and beam reinforcement are made. This is because the cost of this method is lower than that of using FRP. However, reinforcement studies with FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) composites have started to be implemented quite frequently in our country. These fabrics with high fiber strength provide great benefits in terms of modal parameters. CFRP is a FRP composite type. In this study, the slabs of an 11-storey reinforced concrete building were covered with 1 mm CFRP and analytical analysis was done using the finite element method. The differences between modal parameters of the concrete chimney and CFRP reinforced concrete chimney were compared. These modal parameters are period and mode shapes. The first 5 modes of the situation with and without CFRP were examined with finite element method. A difference of 12.19% - 32.17% was observed in the periods of the first 5 modes. CFRP fabrics are one of the most effective materials in strengthening all kinds of reinforced concrete buildings.

**[1] Kasimzade, A.A. and Tuhta S., “Analytical, numerical and experimental examination of reinforced composites beams covered with carbon fiber reinforced plastic”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 42, pp. 55- 70, 2012. [2] Kasimzade, A.A. and Tuhta, S., “OMA of model steel structure retrofitted with CFRP using earthquake simulator”, Earthquakes and Structures, vol. 12, pp. 689-697, 2017. [3] Kasimzade, A.A. and Tuhta, S., “Finite Element, Analytical, Experimental Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with CFRP and Related Structure Analysis Problem’s Solutions”, AACEU, Scientific Works No 2, pp.18-26, 2005. [4] Bastianini, F., M. Corradi, A. Borri, and Angelo di Tommaso A. “Retrofit and monitoring of an historical building using ‘‘Smart’’ CFRP with embedded fibre optic', Construction and Building Materials.,2005 [5] La Mendola, L., M. Accardi, C. Cucchiara, and V. Licata. “Nonlinear FE analysis of out-of plane behaviour of masonry walls with and without CFRP reinforcement”, Construction Building Material. 2014. [6] Tuhta, S., Günday, F., Aydin, H., & Pehlivan, N. Ç. (2019). Investigation of CFRP Retrofitting Effect on Masonry Dome on Period and Frequency Using Finite Element Method. Presented at the International Disaster and Resilience Congress (idRc 2019), Eskişehir. [7] Tuhta, S., Günday, F., Aydin, H., & Pehlivan, N. Ç. (2019). Investigation of CFRP Retrofitting Effect on Masonry Dome on Stress Using Finite Element Method. Presented at the International Disaster and Resilience Congress (idRc 2019), Eskişehir. [8] Ziada M., Tuhta S., Tammam Y., “Analysis of Masonry Structures Retrofitted with Glass Fiber reinforced Polymer Using Finite element Method”, International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development. Vol 5, Issue 04, e-ISSN: 2348-4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406. April-2018 [9] Günday F., “GFRP Retrofitting Effect on the Dynamic Characteristics of Model Steel Structure Using SSI”, International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development , 2018 [10] Günday F., “OMA of RC Industrial Building Retrofitted with CFRP using SSI”, International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development , 2018 [11] Ziada M., Tuhta S., Gençbay E., Günday F., Tammam Y., “Analysis of Tunnel Form Building Retrofitted with CFRP using Finite Element Method”, International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 2019 [12] Tuhta S., Abrar O., Günday F., “Experimental Study on Behavior of Bench-Scale Steel Structure Retrofitted with CFRP Composites under Ambient Vibration”, International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 2019 [13] Tuhta S., Günday F., Aydın H., “Dynamic Analysis of Model Steel Structures Retrofitted with GFRP Composites under Microtremor Vibration”, International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 2019 [14] Tuhta, S., Günday, F., Pehlivan, N.C., 2019. “Investigation of Cfrp Retrofitting Effect on Masonry Dome on Bending Moment Using Finite Element Method”, International Journal of Innovatıons in Engineering Research and Technology 6, 6, 18–22.**

12

Design of Complex Adders and Parity Generators Using Reversible Gates

Soham Bhattacharya, Sourav Goswami, Anindya Sen · February 2020 · pp. 83-88

This paper shows efficient design of an odd and even parity generator, a 4-bit ripple carry adder, and a 2-bit carry look ahead adder using reversible gates. Number of reversible gates used, garbage output, and percentage usage of outputs in implementing each combinational circuit is derived. The CLA used 10 reversible gates with 14 garbage outputs, with 50% percentage performance usage.

13

Comparison of Concurrent Mobile OS Characteristics

Sourav Goswami, Soham Bhattacharya, Anindya Sen · February 2020 · pp. 89-105

It is challenging for the mobile industry to supply the best features of the devices with its increasing customer requirements. Among the progress of technologies, the mobile industry is the fastest growing; as it keeps pace with rapidly changing market demands. This paper compares between the currently available mobile devices based on its user interface, security, memory utilization, processor, and device architecture. The mobile products launched from 2015-19 are used for comparison. Current results after comparison with earlier study found that many mobile devices and features became obsolete in a short time span supporting the aggressive growth of mobile industry.

14

Design of Multiplexers, Decoder and a Full Subtractor using Reversible Gates

Soham Bhattacharya, Sourav Goswami, Anindya Sen · February 2020 · pp. 106-110

This paper shows an effective design of combinational circuits such as 2:1, 4:1 multiplexers, 2:4 decoder and a full subtractor using reversible gates. This paper also evaluates number of reversible gates used and garbage outputs in implementing each combinational circuit.

15

Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Normal and Diabetic Subjects Using Homeostatic Model and Other Indices

Aleme, B. M., Uwakwe, A.A., Amadi, B. A. · February 2020 · pp. 111-118

This study assessed insulin resistance in normal and diabetic human subjects using homeostatic model (HOMAIR).Bio-data were used to investigate the association between Insulin resistance and diabetes, and to compare the effect of these pathological conditions on human subjects. Investigation of Insulin, HbA1c, Glucose, TSH, fT3, fT4 on the normal, pre-diabetic and diabetic human subjects alongside Haematological indices were carried out.One hundred and twenty human subjects comprising forty subjects each for control, pre-diabetics, and diabetics (three sets) matched for age, sex, height, weight, and blood pressure were recruited into the study based upon specified criteria. Twenty each for the three sets of human subjects were males and females respectively. Each sample of blood serum and plasma was analyzed using Randox kits to test for various biochemical and haematological parameters. Compared with the human control, the mean values of the parameters were significantly different (p<0.05) from each other with few exceptions an increase in HOMAIR was shown with values of 0.94±0.04, 2.28±0.17, and 3.25±0.44 for the three sets respectively. Conclusively, the assessment of insulin resistance studied using the models proved that insulin resistance can be managed when appropriate lifestyle is adopted.

**[1] Anderson, D. R., Sweeny, D. J., & Williams, T. A. (1991). Sampling & Sampling Distribution; Determining the Size of Sample. In: Introduction to Statistics, Concepts & Application. 2nd Edition. West Publishing Company, New York. pp. 215-264. [2] Biadgo, B., Melku, M., Abebe, S. M., &Abebe, M (2016). Hematological indices & theircorrelation with fasting blood glucose level & anthropometric measurements in type2 diabetes mellitus patients in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity: Targets & Therapy, 9, 91-99. [3] Bonora, E., Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Oberhollenzer, F., Egger, G., Meigs, J. B., Bonadonna, R. C., &Muggeo, M. (2007). Insulin resistance as estimated by homeostasis model assessment predicts incident symptomatic cardiovascular disease in caucasian subjects from the general population: the Bruneck study. Diabetes Care, 30(2), 318–324. [4] Bray, G. A. (2004). Medical consequences of obesity.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &Metabolism, 89, 2583-2589. [5] Chutia, H., Bhattacharyya, H., Ruram, A., A., Bora, K., &Chakraborty, M. (2018).Evaluation of thyroid function in type 2 diabetes in north-eastern part of India: A hospital-based study. Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 7(4), 752–755. [6] Ezenwaka, C. E., Jones-LeCointe, A., Nwagbara, E., Seales, D., &Okali, F. (2008).Anaemia& kidney dysfunction in Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients.Cardiovascular Diabetology, 7, 25. [7] Greenapple, R. (2011). Review of Strategies to Enhance Outcomes for Patients with type 2 Diabetes: Payers' Perspective. American Health Drug Benefits, 4(6), 377–386. [8] Greeve, J. (2005). Inhibition of the synthesis of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins.Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 170, 483–517. [9] Hanley, A. J., Williams, K., Stern, M. P., &Haffner, S. M. (2002). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care, 25, 1177-1184. [10] Maurer, R. (2014). The Blood Code- Unlock the secret of your metabolism. In: www.thebloodcode.com. Internet assessed 7th February 2019. [11] McGill, J. B. (2005). The Link Between Diabetes & Obesity. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.Endocrine, 6(3), 13. [12] Negro, F. &Alaei, M. (2009). Hepatitis C virus & type 2 diabetes. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 1537-1547. [13] Negro, F. (2006). Insulin resistance & HCV: will new knowledge modify clinical management? Journal of Hepatology, 45, 514-519. [14] Ogbonna, S. U., &Ezeani, I. U. (2019). Risk Factors of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 10, 440. [15] Pan, X. R., Yang, W. Y., Li, G. W., & Liu, J. (1997). Prevalence of diabetes & its risk factors in China, 1994. National Diabetes Prevention & Control Cooperative Group. Diabetes Care, 20(11), 1664–1669. [16] Rutter, M. K., Meigs, J. B., Sullivan, L. M., D’Agostino, R. B. Sr., & Wilson, P. W. (2005). Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, & incident cardiovascular events in the Framingham Offspring Study.Diabetes, 54, 3252-3257. [17] Shepard, C. W., Finelli, L., & Alter, M. J. (2005).Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection.Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5, 558-567. [18] Simmons, H. (2019). Diabetes in Men versus Women. News Medical Life Sciences.www.news-medical.net [19] Vogeser, M. (2007).Fasting serum insulin & the Homeostasis Model of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in the monitoring of lifestyle interventions in obese persons.Clinical Biochemistry, 40(13/14), 964-968. [20] White, D. L., Ratziu, V., & El-Serag, H. B. (2008). Hepatitis C infection & risk of diabetes: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Journal of Hepatology, 49, 831-844. [21] Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., & King, H. (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes: estimate for the year 2000 & projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 127(5), 1047-1053.**

16

Leveraging Cloud Computing in Higher Education: An Overview

Prof Anil Kumar · February 2020 · pp. 119-125

Across the globe, universities and institutions of higher education are facing challenges to provide cost effective solution for necessary information technology (IT) support for educational, research and development activities. The objective of this paper is to do a comprehensive study of leveraging cloud computing in higher education in order to suggest a suitable alternative for IT support to universities and institutions of higher education to improve agility and obtain savings. The article begins with a brief introduction to Cloud Computing in universities and other institutions, referring to the most important results obtained so far. The research methodology consisted of rigorous analysis of the latest research on Cloud Computing as an alternative to IT support considering various issues related to provision, management and security. It also took into account the best practices for Cloud Computing usage within universities. This article encourages institutions in higher education to adopt cloud computing technology.

**[1] McCREA, B. (2009). “IT on Demand: The Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing in Higher Education,” Campus Technology. [Online], [Retrieved Feb 23, 2020], https://campustechnology.com/Articles/2009/08/20/IT-on-Demand-The-Pros-and-Cons-of-Cloud-Computing-in-Higher-Education.aspx?p=1 [2] Sultan, N. (2010). “Cloud Computing for Education: A New Dawn?,” International Journal of Information Management, 30, 109–116 [3] Mathew, Saju (2012), "Implementation of Cloud Computing in Education - A Revolution," International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2012 [4] MarinelaMircea and AncaIoanaAndreescu, "Using Cloud Computing in Higher Education: A Strategy to Improve Agility in the Current Financial Crisis", Communications of the IBIMA, http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/CIBIMA/cibima.html Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID 875547, 15 pages DOI: 10.5171/2011.875547, IBIMA Publishing [5] Konard, K. (2019) “Educause 2019: Tips for cloud implementation in Higher education”, EdTech: Focus on Higher Education. [Online]. https://edtechmagazine.com/higher/article/2019/10/educause-2019-tips-cloud-implementation-higher-education [6] Samah A. Massadeh and Muhammad A. Mesleh, "Cloud Computing in Higher Education in Jordan," World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT) ISSN: 2221-0741 Vol. 3, No. 2, 38-43, 2013 [7] P. Mell and T. Grance, “The NIST definition of cloud computing,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Report on Computer Systems Technology, Sep. 2011. [8] Boja, C., Pocatilu, P. and Toma, C. (2013). The Economics of Cloud Computing on Educational Services. 3rd World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Educational Leadership, 93 (21) October, 1050-1054. [9] Gonzalez, N., Miers, C., Redígolo, F., Carvalho, T., Simplicio, M., Näslundy, M., and Pourzandiy, M., (2012). An quantitative analysis of current security concerns and solutions for cloud computing. Escola Politécnica at the University of São Paulo (EPUSP), São Paulo, Brazil. [10] Angela Lin,Nan-Chou Chen, (2012). Cloud Computing as an Innovation: Perception, Attitude, and Adoption, International Journal of Information Management. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.04.001. [11] Tumbas, Pere &Matkovic, Predrag&Sakal, Marton&Tumbas, Sanja. (2014). Exploring the Potentials of Cloud Computing in Higher Education. [12] Ali, M. (2019), “Cloud Computing at a Cross Road: Quality and Risks in Higher Education.” Advances in Internet of Things, 9, 33-49.https://doi.org/10.4236/ait.2019.93003 [13] Patterson, D. (2010). “Cloud Computing and the RAD Lab," UC Berkeley, Reliable Adaptive Distributed Systems Lab,” [Online], http://www.mvdirona.com/jrh/TalksAndPapers/PattersonMSCloudComputingRADLab.pdf [14] NIST, (2009). “Presentation on Effectively and Securely Using the Cloud Computing Paradigm v25,” http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloudcomputing/cloud-computing-v25.ppt [15] Shayan, J., et al . (2014) Identifying Benefits and Risks Associated with Utilizing Cloud Computing. International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering, 3, 416-421. [16] Djemame, K., et al . (2016) A Risk Assessment Framework for Cloud Computing. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, 4, 265-268. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.2014.2344653 [17] Katz, R., Goldstein, P. and Yanosky, R. (2009) Demystifying Cloud Computing for Higher Education. EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research Bulletin, 19, 1-13. [18] Katz, R., et al . (2010) Cloud Computing in Higher Education. https://net.educause.edu/section\_params/conf/CCW [19] Ali, M. (2019) The Barriers and Enablers of the Educational Cloud: A Doctoral Student Perspective. Open Journal of Business and Management, 7, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2019.71001 [20] Shakeabubakor, A.A., Sundararajan, E. and Hamdan, A.R. (2015) Cloud Computing Services and Applications to Improve Productivity of University Researchers. International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, 5, 153-157. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIEE.2015.V5.521 [21] Reeves, D., et al . (2009) Cloud Computing: Transforming IT. Burton Group Publication, Utah, 33. [22] Cloud computing in education Savings, flexibility, and choice for IT A Microsoft U.S. Education white paper April 2010 www.microsoft.com/educloud**

SN	Title	Authors	Page No.
1	WhatsApp Network Group Chat Analysis Using Python Programming	Blessing Nwamaka Iduh	01-05
2	An N-Gram Determination of Twitter User Sentiments	C. Anyanwu, C. N. Udanor	06-16
3	The Introduction of A Sandcrete-Strawbale Interface Mould (SSIM) for Urban Housing Development in Tropical Regions of Nigeria	Adegoke Kehinde Vivian, Onama Godwin Ojodomo, Alexander Ayeh Oguh	17-26
4	An Appraisal of Solid Waste Disposal Practices in Samaru Community, Zaria - Nigeria	Abdulsalam Dalhatu, Usman Adamu and Aliyu Suleiman Shika	27-32
5	Construction Safety Management: A Requisite for Efficiency and Productivity Using Some Selected Firms in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Sunday Segun Olutimayin, Timothy Sunday Aiyeetan, Caleb Michael Lawal, Omolola Olubusayo Komolafe	33-39
6	Disposal of Solid Waste and Environmental Hazard Control in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State for Sustainable Nigeria	Segun Sunday Olutimayin, Michael Caleb Lawal, Timothy Sunday Aiyeetan, Omolola Olubusayo Komolafe	40-46
7	Path loss Prediction for TVWS Network for Urban Region of Onitsha, South-East Nigeria	Kebiru Abu, Jerome Dada K., Abolaji Stephen O. , Usman Abdul-Rasheed O.	47-54
8	Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Analysis of Asymmetric Sprays of Large Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engines	Imre G. Nagy, Christos Papadopoulos, Lambros Kaiktsis	55-67
9	Evaluation, DNA Fingerprinting and Productivity of Some Superior Seeded Female Egyptian Date Palms	Merwad, M.A.; E.A.M. Mostafa; N.E. Ashour; M.M.S. Saleh; S.A.A.Heiba and Magda A. M. El-Enany	68-75
10	Role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) & Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) in Improving interpersonal Skills: A Review	Thuhin Nanjappa	76-77
11	Analytical Modal Analysis of RC Building Retrofitted with CFRP using Finite Element Method	Sertaç TUHTA, Furkan GÜNDAY	78-82
12	Design of Complex Adders and Parity Generators Using Reversible Gates	Soham Bhattacharya, Sourav Goswami, Anindya Sen	83-88
13	Comparison of Concurrent Mobile OS Characteristics	Sourav Goswami, Soham Bhattacharya, Anindya Sen	89-105
14	Design of Multiplexers, Decoder and a Full Subtractor using Reversible Gates	Soham Bhattacharya, Sourav Goswami, Anindya Sen	106-110
15	Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Normal and Diabetic Subjects Using Homeostatic Model and Other Indices	Aleme, B. M., Uwakwe, A.A., Amadi, B. A.	111-118
16	Leveraging Cloud Computing in Higher Education: An Overview	Prof Anil Kumar	119-125