Volume VII Issue IV

In current scenario organizations are finding a key challenge and that is to tackle with employee turnover in the organization. Each employee leaving the organization takes along with it the knowledge, experience, skills and abilities that could be utilized by the organization for achieving competitive advantage. A huge cost is incurred on recruiting and training the new employees. Organizations can work on saving these costs and also improving the productivity. This paper examines the reasons of employee turnover and devices ways to reduce employee turnover in organizations.

Over the past 60 years, silicon-based semiconductor technology has developed very speedily. It forms the pillar of a major part of economic, and scientific activity. The first part of the talk shows from a historical perspective the development from basic transistors to highly complex integrated circuits. With the invention of the transistor by Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain a revolution in electronic circuits started which led to the first integrated circuits built by Kilby and Noyce. Integrated circuits have grown exponentially in complexity and performance. The goal is to give a basic understanding of the functioning and manufacturing of integrated circuits. Therefore, the basics of digital logic and chip design as well as fabrication methods such as lithography. To conclude the talk refers to possible future developments in integrated circuit technology.

Financial sector reform in India has progressed rapidly on aspects like interest rate deregulation, reduction in reserve requirements, barriers to entry, prudential norms and risk-based supervision. But progress on the structural-institutional aspects has been much slower and is a cause for concern. The importance of the study lies in its futuristic approach to tackle the problem of NPAs focusing mainly on a viable solution. The solution should strengthen the credit portfolio of banks over a period by removing the present deficiencies observed in the standard of credit appraisal, monitoring and follow-up and improving the overall lending policies of banks.

Particulate matter is a group of fine particles which has varying range of diameter i.e., the particle size varies from 0.05µm to 10μm. Among all the pollution emission found in the atmosphere, particulate matter represents a complex group of air pollutants whose properties and impact vary depending on their size and composition. They are generally made up of elemental carbon, organic compound, sulphate and nitrate ions, trace metals, soil particles and sea salt. These emissions are basically fine carbonaceous matter which finds their way into the atmosphere due coal burning, vehicular movement, open burning of municipal solid waste, agricultural land management activities, construction operations and other such activities. To understand the impact of particulate matter on the environment, it is necessary to understand the sources of emission.

Vast markets have an incredible assortment of merchandise furthermore, unique grocery stores may have distinctive dispersion of product. A large portion of the clients think that it’s hard to remain in long line for charging the obtained items and they need to look through the item in the huge shopping centre. This is more time consuming. The shopping centres utilize different advances for electronic business to save the time and to increase the comfort basic viability required for charging in regular day to day existence. For each innovation utilised as a part of markets requires tag and peruser. The tag is remarkably created character which is connected on the item that distinguishes the items exceptionally. The reader is an electronic gadget that distinguishes the label which is known to it. The principle goal of proposed framework is to give innovation oriented, low cost, effectively scalable and tough framework for helping shopping face to face. Markets areconstantly bustling stores there are offering is in the feed. Staffs need to monitor the items they pitch to ensure what they are offering is in the feed.

The proposed system aims at monitoring the electrical and vibration fault of single phase induction motor using Internet of Things. Induction motors are used for domestic as well as industrial purpose, therefore it is necessary to have safe and reliable operation between motor and other devices.Vibration related machine fault problems are main sources of high maintenance cost and these machine faults can lead to unwanted failure of system. There are various types of maintenance for machine such as periodic, preventive and predictive maintenance. Here, we are using predictive maintenance in the proposed system. If any fault occurs in the motor it can generate excessive downtimes which results into loss of productivity and revenue.Therefore early fault detection is needed for the protection of motor. The proposed system diagnoses the vibration and current variations, and then the data is stored on cloud. We can analyse data using CSV file. The possible faults are detected and alerts are sent to mobile devices. The key factor of the system is its ability to provide a real time alerts.

Saving electricity is the necessity in today’s generation. Solar energy is the best for this purpose. It is a major renewable source and non-polluted. Hence, use of this energy is essential where the maximum possibility of utilization of solar energy is there. Hence automatic traffic light control system and solar powered street light system is made. Light detectors are used in the system for detecting sun light present or not, in this way we make street light to work only in the absence of sun light and save maximum power. This system not only saves power but also it reduces use of conventional energy. Proposed system is cost effective and the logic is implemented using Verilog.

Today Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays an important role in life. ICT is an extended term for Information Technology (IT) which provides access to information through telecommunication. It is mostly based on communication technologies. It integrates computer system/hand held system, audio video display and Internet. Information and Communication technology is used in most of the fields such as Education, Agriculture, Medicine, Defense, E-governance E-Commerce, Banking, Transport, etc. With the advances in technology, computing infrastructure and the need to automate and reduce cycle times, ICT is playing a vital role.

Airport Engineering incorporates the design, planning, and construction of runways, terminals, and navigation assistance to provide an entrenched service for passengers and freight service. Airport engineers design and construct airports. They majorly consider the influences and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the investigation of largest wind direction to design runway orientation, safety areas and to determine the size of the runway border, different wing tip to wing clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire port. In this literature a detailed view of airport layout planning is studied and also a simple designed airport layout for ports near water bodies is presented.

With the advancements in technology in every field in the world with time, the airline sector is observed with a lot of new headways. One important aspect of amelioration in this tract is advances in the airport bodies. One of the main reasons being the requisite of more travelers for generating more revenue. As well as, to showcase the superiority among other airports. Here, we have worked upon of few aspects to make an airport from the future.

The key objective of the airport financial management is to understand the economic and financial aspects. A strong management is maintained by analyzing the current financial trends and their impact on airport. The vital role is to meet the requirements and the demands for improving the facilities, capital expenses and budgets.The expected challenges are turned into the benefits of developing the organizational goals. In this literature, airport expenses and revenues, budgeting and airport funding are studied in detail.

In this digital revolution era where everything is digitized, to the extent that our day to day activities deals with digital usage such as mobiles, laptop and other. Sixth sense technology is one of the digital application which are enabled with gestures.Using this innovative approach with real time application i.e. hospital management helps in ease of doing business as well as digitalizing the process. This paper illustrates the importance of a hospital management using sixth sense technology. It enables the user to read/review authorize any kind of information. Since it’s based on gestures it emphasizes importance of senses of a human body which also indicates manipulation of data through these senses.

Ontologies play an important character in semantic web, internet and other social related application. It also plays an important role in engineering technology such as Data Mining and other applications. Normally ontologies focus on the ultimatum (demand) of high quality of ontology. The ontology is more expensive and incompetent of time process. Ontology learning is the process of assembling the ontologies by the ontology engineer. Ontology learning is a framework that proceeds with some of the fields which specified in the form of ontology import, extraction, pruning, refinement, and evaluation given by the ontology engineer. The problem that the ontologies learning technique deals with the difficulty to retrieve the knowledge relevant to the interest of the users or stakeholders. In this survey paper, some of the ontology techniques can be used in various fields like NLP, Text Mining, database integration and other fields like biomedical, medical and web technologies.

Cladding is a process of depositing a thick layer of corrosion resistance material over carbon steel plate with the application of heat source and produce good wear and corrosion resistance properties to improve the surface quality of metal .GMAW was used to optimize process parameters (welding current, welding voltage, welding speed and wire feed rate) which includes solid filler wire of (SS304L) stainless steel of dai.1.2mm upon 10mm thick low carbon steel (mild steel) using different process parameters. The perfect results give up in experimentation and Design matrix. The effects of different parameters was represented in the form of response surfaces. This study would be beneficial in enriching the data bases for the defects, porosity and which also damage the weld metal. Hence, MIG welding has been coated with wire of electrode,therefore, shielding gas is given to protect the weld.Where Surfacing was played a role in Pressure vessel industry, chemical industry, petroleum and hydrogen storage industry.

Our paper deals with introduction to landside management and a comparison study between three airports in terms of their landside facilities like check-in, terminals, public transportation, access roads and baggage handling. The final result of this particular comparison study tells us that for each category which airport provides the best service and also in overall which is the best, worst and average airport among these three present.

In the present paper, a hybrid, Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) that combine the advantage of Adaptive control, Neural Network and Sugeno-type Fuzzy logic control has been proposed. The proposed method has been applied to a level control of nonlinear interacting and non-interacting coupled tank system as a case study. For this purpose, nonlinear dynamical models for two different configured coupled tank system namely, integrating and non-integrating have been developed. Further, transfer function of these developed models have been derived using various sample acquired from experiment performed at Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. To investigate the capability of proposed ANFIS, a conventional controller PID and intelligent controller, Fuzzy logic control (FLC) are designed. Finally, the performance of the proposed techniques based on the control parameters such as: Overshoot, rise time, settling time and tracking capability have been investigated and found that ANFISis able to eliminate the overshoot and it has faster response with better tracking capabilities.

I. INTRODUCTION The impact of greenhouse gases is currently noticed by the changes in the environment which are the signs for warnings of future catastrophic consequences. This has promoted an urge to research that focuses on developing sustainable technologies and are also environmentally friendly. Measures have been implemented to limit all possible sources of pollution. It is to be noted that “Aviation” is a major contributor of air pollution, which has evaded all radar screens and is still unregulated. While aviation manufacturers are busy researching to find greener ways to fly, many architects are aiming in constructing environmental friendly airports.

A comprehensive study is conducted to explore the safety and security systems implemented in airports and their advancements in terms of technology. In addition to these observations, a critical approach is followed to recognize the extent of success reached and how much more efficiency and functional perfection achieved in today’s world. An insight is given into the existing precaution measures followed in the airports to avoid hazard any time. Many budding technologies are capable of preventing illegal activities, which can forecast natural hazards that can help reducing pollutions caused by airport premises.

Among all the types of accidents at airport, Fires and explosions were, and continue to be, the greatest threats to the safety of personnel and the survivability of all aircrafts both in peacetime and during combat operations. In this paper we have discussed about the statistics of fire accidents, the causes of these accidents and also the existing fire prevention facilities or technologies available at every airports. Wehave also done case study on major fire accidents at airports and aircrafts. After a detailed analysis of the case study, we have discussed about few of our ideas in improving the fire prevention and safety in airports and for aircrafts that can be done by the government for the safety of all the passengers, the airport staffs and aircraft crew.

Image segmentation is an important image processing technique which is used to analyze what is inside the image. It means division of an image into meaningful structures. It is process of extracting and representing information from the image to group pixels together with region of similarity [1]. Image segmentation is used to separate an image into several meaningful parts. Image segmentation is process of partitioning the image into multiple segments. It is first important step in many image processing applications like image analysis, image description, recognition, image visualization and object based image compression. Image segmentation means assigning a label to each pixel in the image such that pixels with same labels share common visual characteristics. It makes an image easier to analyse in the image processing tasks. There are many different techniques available to perform image segmentation. The algorithm used in this paper is watershed based image segmentation. It is a hybrid technique because it is the result of threshold based, edge and region based techniques using morphological watershed transform. The watershed transformation is popular image segmentation technique for gray scale images [2]. An efficient watershed algorithm based on connected components [3] shows very good results compare to other watershed based image segmentation algorithms.

The ultimate need of this world is the best farming which ensures the development of each country as the survival of human being is completely dependent on farming and its best production. The problem observed in various region of farming is the early crop diseases Occurring and making the crop production at low level. To avoid this, many researchers have been done and different techniques are used to detect early crop diseases and to apply the preventive measures for it. The expert systems have been proposed for this purpose. It is often based on facts described by the user. The recognition of a disease can often be based on symptoms like lesions or spots in various parts of a plant. The color, area and the number of spots present in the leaf can determine the disease that has affected a plant. This paper presents an algorithm which is used for automatic detection of plant leaf diseases.

Airside operations involve complex tasks carried out by a different department for some collective and competing interests. The significant factor that affects the Airside operations in an airport is flight scheduling practice under weather conditions. Aircraft awaiting delayed take-off with engines running would prove cost-effective and pollution free, with engines switched off. In this paper Air traffic delay, flight schedule capacity was compared between the U.S and European countries busiest 10 Airports. On analysis, major differences were found in several critical aspects of the utilization of slot system. In general, the use of VFR when weather permits and non-usage of slot constraints makes U.S airport having larger capacity in-terms of aircraft movement. On the other-hand European airports manages air traffic delays using slot system based on the capacity of airport runways and IFR.

I. INTRODUCTION Online food ordering is a process that delivers food or take away, from home chefs, local restaurants and other food co-operatives through a mobile application or through a website. This style of food delivery is gaining popularity with more and more people especially the younger generation turning to mobile food ordering apps, thereby changing the way food is delivered and picked up. Customers prefer using the food ordering app over ordering food online. The customer can generate an order without having to explain it to another human being and have the food delivered at his doorstep. The apps are geared to search for local restaurants and the cuisine types. Entire menu is displayed on the app and the customer has to choose from the menu with a click of a button. However the app needs to be downloaded by the customers on their cell phones and register themselves on the app by creating their profile which will have their address and payment information. The payment is normally cashless through a credit or debit card if paid online or in cash against delivery. The apps will differ from each other in terms of features offered and by refining the search, based on most ordered, pricing, order history, customer reviews, promotions etc. The number of food delivery mobile app startups are growing at a fast pace and competing with the food delivery section of the restaurant market. The customers are being choosy, given the number of options that are available for them in this segment. Initially there was some reluctance amongst the investors to invest in any food related business but this view has changed over the period of time with the realization that there is a tremendous potential for this market sector. Some of the most popular mobile food delivery apps are Food Panda, Zomato, Swiggy, Tasty Khana, Just Eat, Uber Eats, Fresh Menu and Scootsy. Some restaurant chains have their own food delivery apps like Fassos, Dominos, Pizza Hut, KFC and Box 8.

This paper presents the behavior of concrete using Fine Aggregate with Glass Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate with Recycled Aggregate replacement. In this work, to appraise the effect on M25 grade concrete with water cement ratio 0.45. The concrete waste is to be collected from the waste yard, segregated, crushed in jaw crusher, sieved, washed and used. The properties of material for cement, fine aggregate (M-Sand), coarse aggregate glass aggregate and recycled aggregate were studied for mix design. Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Recycled Aggregate at regular intervals of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, replacement of Fine Aggregates by Glass Aggregate at 15% and cube and cylinder specimens were casted. The modulus of elasticity and density results were obtained with and without Recycled Coarse Aggregate replacement (and 15% replacement of M-sand by glass aggregate) were studied and the test results were compared with normal conventional concrete and non-destructive test such as rebound hammer test and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement were studied for various replacements of fine and coarse aggregate. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste glass aggregate as partial replacement of fine aggregates up to 15% and recycled aggregate as partial replacement of coarse aggregates up to 30%.

Wireless sensor networks and cellular automata both are unconventional computing models. We can use cellular automaton based localized algorithms to solve various optimization problems of wireless sensor networks. In wireless communication, the requirement of security and privacy is the must. The usage of cryptography characteristics of cellular automata is still not much explored in WSN. Hence we present a symmetric key cryptography technique of block cipher using cellular automata rules applied to sensor data. Based on CA state transitions certain fundamental transformations are defined which are block ciphering functions of the proposed enciphering scheme. Different rule configurations are used to form group cellular automata that would be used for encryption and decryption. This algorithm can be used to send any confidential data that is captured by WSN for example in military application.

Bricks are a widely used construction and building material around the world. Majority of the people prefer burnt bricks for the construction purpose which emits nearly about 1 ton of CO2. For environmental protection and sustainable development, extensive research has been conducted on production of bricks from waste materials. Bricks are prepared from garbage waste material which comprises of organic and non-organic waste. This paper presents a review of research on utilization of waste materials to produce bricks. Clay is used as a binding material for natural waste material and paper mill waste. The main objective of the present study is to reduce the quantity of clay with natural waste material. The garbage waste which otherwise is land filled has been utilized to make construction bricks that serves a purpose of solid waste management. The purpose of this research is to determine the weight, compressive strength, water absorption capacity, fire resistance, hardness etc. of bottom ash brick by using garbage waste. These brick will decrease the dead weight of the structure to a significant amount. So it changes our design and building cost as in an economical point of view.

World over the internet has become less secure and computer security is the major issue today. Many possible solutions are available today and intrusion detection system is one of them to handle this issue. Intrusion Detection systems uses pattern matching algorithm as the core algorithm for its functioning. Intrusion Detection pattern matching technique had applied on the Security Event log files for the Windows/Linux system. Matching of the intrusion pattern had indicated the intrusion in the system. Existing signature based IDS have noteworthy overheads in terms of execution time due to the pattern matching operation. This project aims to speed up the pattern matching operation through parallelizing a matching algorithm on a multi-core CPU. In this paper, Myer algorithm had paralleled on a multicore CPU under the Map Reduce framework. On average, we attained four times speedup using our multi-core implementation as compared other serial algorithms. The system is hoping to grow into HIDS that will capture all kind of intrusions in future.

Energy harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN) is promising in applications, however the frequent occurrence of temporal death of nodes, due to the limited harvesting capability, presents a difficulty in meeting the quality-of-service requirements of the network. A Group of computers are connected to be able to exchange data and each node has a unique address. There is no bloom filter for carry provenance information to server for validate trusted node or not. We propose a provenance based encryption strategy whereby each node on the path of a data packet securely encrypts and also embeds provenance information within a Bloom filter (BF) that is transmitted along with the data. Here are three operations involved in this process are Active, Listening, Sleeping. In case of hackers attack the node, temporal death may occur. The AC motor will be turned on when the sensed value is above 40. When it is below 40 then the AC motor will be off. The temperature sensor is LM35 is used to detect the energy level of sensor Temperature sensor in the sense that provides temperature measurement through electric signal.

In this paper, we used Kamal transform for solving linear Volterra integral equations and some applications are given in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of Kamal transform for solving linear Volterra integral equations.

I. INTRODUCTION Concrete filled steel tube column (CFST) are increasingly used in the world of construction, especially in the construction of the high-rise buildings with increased grid of columns. Presently, these designs are especially demanded in the countries of Eastern and South-East Asia, which are located in areas of high seismic activity. Concrete filled steel tube columns have not only increased bearing capacity, a very large deformability because of the hooped compression that is created by the steel holder for the concrete core. By adopting high-strength concrete (HSC), the column size can be further reduced and higher strength to weight ratio can be achieved without jeopardising the ductility. It provides the quasi-plastic nature of their destruction, even when the high-strength concrete is used. The survivability of buildings during earthquakes significantly increases as a result of using such columns in the building frames.

The paper highlights the growing use of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) in banking sector and its significance. HRIS is a technology-enabled tool used to record and maintain the employee related data. At one side, where banks are embracing this system of record-keeping and information reservoir, on the other side still people have resistance towards accepting this process open-handedly. The paper thus focuses on all those reasons which restrains them to become tech-friendly and brought the role of Organizational Development (OD) interventions to fore-front. The application of OD interventions in an effective manner thus helps in overcoming this resistance and increase the acceptance of employees towards change. A planned and organized change is key to success and employee satisfaction.

This paper deals with the basic functions of a tourism management company, the tasks at hand the challenges faced and most of all, the way one must give importance to customer satisfaction. The paper also throws light on the path that tourism has taken from olden days where it was luxurious act to today where it has become an international business and a need for all. Explains about various departments involved in a tourism company, their duties and responsibilities. Each department is headed by a manager, it is his duty to provide efficient outputs. There might be some information missed in this paper but they are equally important.

Since the introduction of Total Quality Management (TQM), it plays a pivotal role in many companies that can enrich their performance. Thus, the internal and external clients' needs can be coped up by the organizations in the name of products and quality services, and also an efficient and profitable business can be developed by them. The main theme of this paper is to showcase the progress by the addition of TQM and application in aircraft industry.

Airport provides a medium that helps people travel across countries and continents overcoming the geographical barriers and by providing a platform for economic opportunities and business enhancements. Over the past few decades, the airports have been drastically transformed to multi-platform zone that promotes to the economy of the country through tourism and by supporting the local citizens’ business ventures. Airport Engineering deals with creative development of airport designs, planning and building and refurbishing of terminals, runways and navigational aids to provide the passengers a platform to explore. This literature is a comprehensive view of airport market planning and a sample standard designed airport master plan is laid out. Along with the technological advancements the proposed ideas are made assessing its environmental impacts. Airports connects people to countless parts of the word therefore it is necessary that the airports are designed to be convenient, environment friendly and adaptable to the evolving demands.

This paper describes an indigenously developed hands-free wheel chair for physically disabled persons. The proposed device works based on the Hand Gesture Recognition technique by using Leap motion sensor. Leap sensor is used for the hand gesture recognition for the smart wireless controlling. With the change of hand gesture, data is sent wirelessly to the microcontroller based motor driving circuit to control the movement of the Wheel Chair in different modes.

Vehicular Accidents are a major cause of concern in today's world. Safety of the driver and the co passengers can be threatened because of various reasons that lead up to an accident and moreover there is a huge lag between the time of accident and time when emergency services reach ground zero. Many lives can be saved if proper emergency services reach the accident location at the right time. With the help of the proposed system not only accidents are detected but also notifications are sent to the nearest hospital, police station and emergency contacts. Accidents are detected using three sensors i.e, accelerometer, force resistive sensor and gyroscope so as to get accurate results. These sensors form the part of the embedded system which has an arduino and bluetooth module. The arduino constantly receives the sensor data and sends it to smartphone application via the bluetooth module. The smartphone detects whether an accident has occurred or not using the Accident detection algorithm. On detection of an accident, a message along with the gps coordinates (users current location), blood group and vehicle plate number (collected at the time of user registration) is sent to the nearest hospital, police station and emergency contacts. This process can significantly reduce the number of casualties because of delay in receiving proper medical care. Also in order to minimize false positives, an alarm system has been included which goes off as soon as accident has been detected. If the driver is safe, he/she can shut the alarm and cancel the sending of the message. The alarm rings for about 30 seconds after which it automatically forwards the message to emergency services and contacts. This application will help the service providers to reach on time and save valuable human life.

Technology always help mankind in making life easier. Now presenting an innovative way which revolutionizes the trash management system through this we are taking a step towards clean India. Present scenario in the public places where proper disposal is not being done because of which we come across overflow dustbins. Even the private areas which are clean enough failed to utilize the resources efficiently. Using embedded technology to continue monitoring the dustbin in order to check whether dustbin is full or not. The sensors senses the amount of waste in the containers if it reached the maximum container capacity, sends instant messages to the trash management department which deploy them to collect the garbage in no time. The main objective is to separate the waste into different dust bins and send the information to respective office once the dust bin is filled with full of waste materials. By implementing this product at different location, instead of driving blindly in the static routes, we can optimize the collection schedule.

Data extraction plays a vital role in data mining. While extracting data it will consider some factors: statistics data, applications, algorithm and so on. Extraction of data means extraction of features, knowledge from particular domain and learning data from systems perceptive. Considering these entire scenario we build system according unlearn data to learn data while data entering into system as input. Based on these we get fruitful knowledge by using some standard algorithms of data mining. Here we apply student’s dataset to our system to learn specific pattern namely strong, week and excellent category of students. Our system help to identify these patterns and helps to those students are weak in particular field. For this purpose we take experimental result on Decision tree algorithm like J48 and Random Tree.

An off-line handwritten character recognition system for segmented English characters using Support Vector Machine as classifier is described in this paper. The performance of an optical character recognition system mainly depends on the extracted features. Feature extraction plays a major role in achieving high recognition accuracy.Feature extraction helps to obtain the significant features that can be fed into the classifier since not all the features of an image are required for classification. Features that are included for the character recognition are Histogram of Oriented Gradient descriptor (HOG), Gabor features, Discrete Cosine transform features.This proposed system will be suitable for converting handwritten documents into structural text form and recognizing them.

Flat slab systems are rapidly in use under recent advancement in construction practices. Since the Flat slab systems are more vulnerable to seismic effects, hence a comparative analysis is desired to know about actual behavioral response to seismic actions. In this research paper, using different techniques four modelling cases are modelled and analyzed using software STAAD PRO V8i SS6 keeping few parameters of the flat slab systems same. In the first case, Flat Slab structure with interior rectangular drop panel is modelled and analyzed for a four storeyed building having equal cantilever projection and column heads are not provided. In the Second case, flat slab resting on column with no beams is modeled and analyzed for the same building. Modelling for conventional RCC framed structure with beam & column are modeled and analyzed as the third case where slab is provided as plate element of some thickness while for the fourth case, RCC framed structure with floor load considered as slab load is modeled and analyzed for the same building. This research aims to study the effect of axial and shear forces and bending moments produced in the different elements of the framed structures for two different seismic zones. During analysis, different types of loads and load combinations along with seismic zone factors have been considered for all the cases. Peak storey lateral displacement, column forces and bending moment has been obtained and a graphical comparison for the different parameters of study. Earthquake forces are determined for Zone III and Zone V accounting IS 1893(Part-1):2002. Finally it has been concluded that Zone V parameters results are higher than Zone III. As well as in both zones flat slab systems are more flexible and also time period of vibration is less in such structures. This shows that Zone V structure needs provision of shear wall or bracing etc to avoid flexible behaviour to appropriate extent under seismic actions. .

Carry look-ahead adder (CLA) is a fast adder. This paper is to accelerate the 4-bit CLA circuit. In this circuit, power been analysed for various size. Moreover, logic gates have less fan-in and fan-out and signal through one less MOS transistor in critical path. Both the static and dynamic design are being compared with power and size. Carry look ahead adder is designed in various size like 2um, 250nm, 125nm, 65nm in Tanner Tool.

The Robotic and Automobile era in the coming time is supposed to rule all the sectors from manufacturing to household entertainments. It is globally accepted as it offers a robust and compact construction which can further be modified according to our needs. A robot may be defined as a machine which is works on an electro-mechanical interface and can operated through computer & electronic programs. Robots can be referred to as machines that can act as a replacement to human labor and it can be used so as to replicate human actions. Robots can be used in adverse conditions, and nowadays many are used for activities like bomb detection and deactivation. The robotic vehicle is controlled by using a mobile phone or hand gestures. Accelerometer for hand gestures alongside with a Bluetooth module are interfaced through android phone. In a concise form, our project is predominantly a robot vehicle which is being controlled using hand gestures using accelerometer installed on a glove and a Bluetooth module which can be controlled by an app on mobile phones or a tablet. Simultaneously it is equipped with a metal detection and a GPS sensor which sends the coordinates of the bomb or a land mine using a GSM module whereas enemy activities can be monitored using a wireless camera mounted at the top of the robot.

In this paper, a power bank has been constructed using LM7805 which has very simple construction. Power banks have become important in our life as it makes our life more convenient. In short, the simple way of construction of power bank and its working has been presented.

Since the early days of aviation the choice of material has been primary concern. This is so because of varied loading conditions. Added to this is the requirement of high strength to weight ratio. In the recent times use of composites which is stack of lamina has been very extensive as it caters to the above mentioned requisites. However, they are susceptible to compressive loading causing delamination. This greatly affects the Behaviour of the structure under compression. The present thesis makes an attempt to study the same by finding the buckling strength before and after delamination.

Self Compacting Geo polymer Concrete (SCGC) is an innovative concrete. It is an environment friendly concrete which reduces emission of CO2 compared to that conventional concrete. Just like self compacting concrete, Self Compacting Geo polymer Concrete also does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It can be mainly used in prefabricated structure which is now becoming the advance method for construction. This paper presents an experimental investigation on mechanical properties of Self Compacting Geo polymer Concrete. Mechanical properties of Self Compacting Geo polymer Concrete especially Compressive Strength Test, Split Tensile Test and Flexural Strength Test are discussed in this paper. Each test was carried out at the ages of 7, 21, 28 days. It is found that Autoclaved Self Compacting Geo polymer Concrete has high strength and very low drying shrinkage. Self Compacting Geo polymer Concrete test results were compared with the conventional Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) also.

Expenses on energy and environmental impacts have grown globally. All current developments in our man made environment consumes energy--to produce materials, to construct them and further energy for thermal comfort & illumination systems. Walls made using translucent bricks installed near staircases and inner walls can help during times of power failures and serve for a great deal of safety. For subways and airports these bricks would add to visibility. Blocks can be made into desired forms and can be used as decorative materials for bookshelves, sunshades, tables, lampshades and even statues. They can also be designed as security walls which enhance security by giving a hazy image of the perimeter. In schools, museums and prisons, translucent walls are useful to add safety and security, as well as for surveillance. Lamps made using this technique combined with a powerful light source can highlight desired surfaces. This research paper explores the advantages of using translucent bricks and examines the scope of using this as a substitute for jalli system. The function of a translucent brick has been analyzed by measuring features like temperature, intensity of light and safety. The research also probes for a cost effective way to construct translucent bricks in the Indian market by using alternative raw materials. Use of recycled optical fibers from e-waste and use of traditional mud have been deeply considered as alternative materials. The research aimed towards producing a detailed report regarding the same using standard brick tests in a lab. Until now, concrete structures alone were considered as structural members, but in the recent years this idea has been undergoing a massive change with concrete being used for aesthetic considerations too. The research concludes by identifying a combination of high grade concrete with optical filaments that can be used as an add-on material for the beautification of the buildings by making it light emitting.

In process control model predictive control is one of the reliable methods, which with the help of mathematical equation or model forecasts the future behavior of the system. This paper conveys an overview of available model predictive control (MPC) design for various types of devices or processes. By the help of MPC, device or processes uninterrupted services for the longer time is provided. A general Model Predictive Control architecture is depicted and various kind of approaches are taken for MPC design by each author for the different area are described. Our goal is to provide a conceptual review of the results.

In many industries, different components are used/assembled for mass production. Because of the inherent nature of the components' variation, the final output value deviates from the intended one. So, we have to ensure that the variation of the final value is within a specified limit otherwise the produced items do not serve the purpose resulting a financial loss to the industry. In this paper, a sample electronic circuit (Maximum Power Point Tracker)[1] is taken into consideration and guidance is given for mass production taking components variation into consideration. These variations (caused because of manufacturing, aging, and environmental condition etc.) fluctuate the output which is not desired. In this paper, it is described how statistical analysis like sensitivity and Monte Carlo can help to identify and minimize the effect of variation.

In the context of higher education especially business management education in India, a noticeable trend has been the increasing competition among B-Schools to attract students both locally and internationally. Competitive pressure has forced the b-schools to look for more competitive marketing strategies in order to compete for students in their respective recruitment markets. This research paper is aimed to identify the choice factors that significantly persuade or impact the students in their selection of B-School. It may be stated that research study outcomes may be useful and beneficial in terms of making the decision and will contribute to the functions that facilitate the B-Schools to plan and improve the choice factors for prospective students.

The article explores the concept of Robotic arm for automation, the technologies which are used for Robotic arm automation, application of low cost automation. Solution for repeated pick and place type of job, basic components of robotic arm .The ongoing work in automating the feeding of components to duplex or double grinding machine, methods by which cost cutting can be done in Manufacturing of Robotic arm. The design and manufacturing of simple robotic arm is introduced in this article. Autonomous robotic arm can be used for enhancing safety, performance and control in the manufacturing industry. Additive manufacturing methods can be useful for manufacturing parts of robotic arm. Numbers of benefits are discussed about applying additive manufacturing methods for manufacturing parts for variety of robotic arms.

The relations between soil pore structure induced by tillage and infiltration play an important role in flow characteristics of water and solutes in soil. The effects of agricultural management practices on soil physical parameters aid the effective sustainability of soils. In this study, three tillage methods common to the study area on porosity and water infiltration were assessed. Tillage treatments include zero tillage (Plot covered with vegetation (conservation tillage)), disc plough (ploughing to the depth of 16 cm, conventional tillage (CT)) and disc harrow (harrowing to a depth of 16 cm, conventional tillage (CT)). Porosity was determined by the core method, water infiltration by the double-ring infiltrometer and hydraulic conductivity from the steady state flow rate. Based on the result obtained there was no significant difference between the zero tillage and disc plough tillage while there was significant difference between the zero tillage and disc harrow tillage. More so, there was significant difference between the plough tillage and harrow tillage. Based on analysis and comparison of results, it’s indicated high soil sorptivity, porosity and infiltration capacity values for zero tillage follow by disc plough tillage and disc harrow tillage respectively. The bulk density decreased with depth for all the tillage practice while moisture content and porosity increased with depth for all the tillage practices. Furthermore, it has been found that porosity decreased in the order disc harrow tillage (49.90 %) follow by disc plough tillage (42.62%) and zero tillage (41.17 %) respectively. Meanwhile, infiltration capacity increased in the order zero tillage (24.40 cm/hr) follow by disc plough tillage (32.30 cm/hr) and disc harrow tillage (39.40 cm/hr). It was also observed that there was positive correlation between the infiltration capacity and porosity. The infiltration capacity increased with porosity.

Improvement of Solar cell Efficiency along with cost effectiveness is an important critical issue in the present renewable energy scenario. Amorphous Silicon is the mostly used material as an emitter layer for HIT solar cells. The existing ITO/a-Si(n)/a-Si(i)/c-Si(p)//a-Si(p)/ITO structure has achieved a solar cell efficiency of more than 23%. But in this work, it is shown that due to higher carrier mobility, band gap and the lower refractive index, ZnO and ZnTe is better than a-Si as an emitter layer material. This work is concentrated on the modeling of a new structure by replacing the emitter layer of a-Si with ZnO and ZnTe, to achieve higher efficiency. In this work the two proposed structures are ITO/ZnO(n)/a-Si(i)/c-Si(p)/a-Si(p)/ITO and ITO/ZnTe(p)/a-Si(i)/c-Si(n)/a-Si(n)/ITO based on the basis of analytical study of mobility, band-gap and refractive index of materials. These two structures are modeled in AFORS-HET simulating environment and a comparison is done for these 3 structures. From this work, it is observed that ITO/ZnTe(p)/a-Si(i)/c-Si(n)/a-Si(n)/ITO structure shows the highest solar cell efficiency among these 3 structures. The analytical modeling of the model HIT solar structure ITO/ZnTe(p)/a-Si(i)/c-Si(n)/a-Si(n)/ITO significantly achieved the optimum efficiency.

The last decade has shown rapid development in the information technology and its application. This has helped changed the way we look at the world as well as the way business is conducted. Both business and trade have gained under the wave of information technology with improvement in efficiency, productivity and bottom line. Productivity improvement has facilitated speedy and accurate production in large volumes. Today’s emergent “third-platform” technologies, such as data analytics, mobile devices, automation, and artificial intelligence (AI), are changing the way society and individuals interact on a fundamental level. One has to look no further than the use of marketing to find a microcosm of how new software solutions, machine learning, and big-data analytics are changing the game. The present discusses the changing scenario of marketing specially digital marketing. The paper goes on discussing the possible sectors in digital marketing where artificial intelligence has made its presence felt.

The objective of the paper is to identify and know various casting process in automatic high-pressure line and to investigate various casting defects occurring in it. The detection of defect in HP-line has been done to reduce the product rejection.A brief description of automatic casting process is given in this paper and alsocasting defects those are repeatedly occurring are discussed along with their causes and remedies. A brain storming section has conducted to determine and identify the defects.Then the fishbone diagram is used to explore possible cause of defect. A control chart is used to detect variations in the processing and notifies if there is any departure from the specified tolerance limit. These control charts immediately tell the undesired variations and help in detecting the cause and its removal.

In the modern world English Language (EL) has become an international language of communication. It has been part and parcel of, business, science, information technology, entertainment and so on. Though many countries have English as their native language, but still those who are having command over the EL are considered as respected and highly educated nations. Moreover, in the era of globalization ample career opportunities are opened to those who can speak and write English. For instance, most of the business process outsourcing company having their set up in India, prefer English speaking and skilled human resources. As of now, the future of EL in India and the world stands inevitable. And in the coming years, the demand of the ELwould be burgeoningin the corporate milieu. Thus, in this conceptual research an attempt has been made to discuss how EL is indispensable in promoting the constructs of Organization Culture (OC) with special reference or in perspective to banking sector in India.

In modern cars, there more electrical components, sensors and less mechanical components. It is very much necessary for those electrical sensors to function properly every time for safe driving and understanding of vehicle condition. Due to increase in these electronics and electrical it has become difficult to identify and diagnose any fault in the electrical circuit and sensors as it is more complicated and delicate unlike previous age vehicles. Fault detection system is integrated in cars to automatically identify and diagnose problems related to electronics and electrical component, but it is available in high-end cars. The aim of the project is to make a fault detection system, which will indicate the faulty sensors on engine to the driver by a device named “Feedback return pulse system” (FRPS), so that the user would know exactly which sensor is not functioning in the engine compartment. In addition, project aims a designing of a cheap fault detection system, which can be integrated in low-end LMV vehicles.

This paper presents a system for gait analysis by monitoring and analyzing the Gait pattern. The gait analysis is a study of locomotion of animals, including human motion. Gait analysis is used to assess and treat individuals with the condition of walking (gait) abnormalities. In this work,the gait pattern is obtained by using MPU6050 sensor. The sensors are placed on the knee and ankle of both the leg. The gait pattern and the digital gait values are obtained. The gait values are monitored digitally in LCD. The PIC microcontroller collects the data from the sensor and sends the data to LabVIEW software. The LabVIEW software will process the obtained signal and monitor it in the waveform chart. The gait pattern is monitored continuously using PIC microcontroller. The obtained signal is transmitted to the computer in wireless mode via ZigBee module. The main objective of this project is to develop a LabVIEW VI for obtaining gait pattern of an individual and also provides study on different patient having abnormal gait or suffering in pain for normal gait.

Electric discharge machining is categorized as a thermoelectric process in which heat energy of spark is used to remove material from the work piece. The machining process involves controlled erosion of electrically conducting material by the initiation of rapid and repetitive electrical spark discharges between the tool and work piece separated by the dielectric medium. The present work is aimed at characterizing the electric discharge machining of Inconel-600 steels on EDM. Since an electrode with micro features is employed to cut its mirror image in the work piece, it is necessary to investigate the machining efficiency of the electrodes used. Furthermore, to improve the machining efficiency, it is momentous to consider the effect of various influencing input and output parameters. In this project, a series of experiments were conducted with copper electrode as a tool and Inconel steel as work piece to machine small depth on the work piece. The combination of gap voltage, Ampere setting were new line considered for maximum Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), constrained circularity error and overcut. The main aim was to identify the electrode which could enhance the production of quality of impression and to have a significant contribution for modern industrial requirements. Taguchi method is applied to find optimal process parameters for EDM while hard machining of hardened steel (En-353)The experiments were carried out as per L9 orthogonal array with each experiment performed under different conditions of such as Discharge Current, Pulse on time and pulse off time.

Robots are playing a vital role in today’s industrial automation and monitoring systems. As, technology developed these robots have increased there application and functionality [1]. A gesture is a movement that you make with a part of your body, especially your hands, to express emotion or information. Gesture recognition can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human body language, thus building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive text user interfaces or even graphical user interfaces which limit the majority of input to keyboard and mouse. Gesture recognition enables humans to communicate with the machine and interact naturally without any mechanical devices. A Gesture Controlled robot is a kind of robot which can be controlled by your hand gestures not by old buttons. Emerging application of robots in agriculture include weed control, harvesting, environmental monitoring and soil analysis. The main reason behind automation of farming processes are saving the time and energy required for performing repetitive farming tasks [3]. With each passing day the gap between machines and human is being reduced with the introduction of new technologies to ease the standard of living. Gestures have played a vital role in diminishing this abyss [2]. In this project we describe about the gesture controlled robot which can be controlled by your normal hand gestures. It consists of mainly two parts, one is transmitter part and other is receiver part. The transmitter transmits the signal according to the position of accelerometer and your hand gesture and receiver will receive the signal and make the robot move in respective direction.

This paper majorly focuses upon the main concept of digital lending and how it works in practical world. Paper also discloses benefits through adopting digital lending processes by any lending organization. It justify why Indian banks should go for digitalize lending and how it can be beneficial to the current advancement in MSME sector. This paper also elaborates how a bank can be capable to serve through digital lending. In the confusion, author forces Indian banking sector experimenting digital lending and the consequences in near future.

Quadrotor is a type of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), that has abilities such as vertical take-off and landing, hover capability, high maneuverability and agility. This work aims to control a quadrotor to reach a desired position usingsliding mode technique. Modelling of the quadrotor is done by Euler-Legrangian method. Simulation results shows the performance of the quadrotor is satisfactory using this technique.

Underwater obstacle finding in ocean environment has attracted considerable interest in both military and civilian applications. In this paper, the performance of directions finding techniques, subspace and the non-subspace methods are presented. The Subspace analysis of high resolution algorithms, comparisons and the performance analysis have done. The analysis is based on linear array elements and the calculation depends on the pseudo spectra function of the valuation algorithms. Traditional MUSIC algorithm decomposes the signal covariance matrix and makes the signal subspace matrix orthogonal to the noise subspace, which decreases the effect of the noise. But when the signal intervals are very small, the traditional MUSIC algorithm has been unable to distinguish the signals as the SNR decreases. A new improved algorithm is introduced using Singular value decomposition of the covariance matrix. A simulation outcome displays that projected method gives greater performance than the MUSIC algorithm. In this paper, an underwater environment is taken into account such as water density, permittivity of water, pressure, Signal to Noise Ratio, speed of sound wave in water for the new modified MUSIC algorithm.

The current study examines the hematological and biochemical effects of acute and chronic exposure to chromium nitrate. Chromium and its compounds are used in refractories, metal finishing industry, textile industry, leather treatment, fungicides and photographic industry. Channa punctatus were exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of chromium nitrate to assess the alterations in the level of some biochemical parameters in blood. Results indicated that all parameters altered significantly. Decreased hemoglobin percent, Leukocyopenia, increased GOT and GPT, Urea, bilirubin and creatinine noticed which indicated the hepatic and renal tissue damage. We suggest that biochemical analysis in fish is useful tool for environmental biomonitoring.

Campus navigator is a mobile application that assist students, their parents and visitors by receiving user based dynamic information, which is based on Bluetooth. The data from Bluetooth gets transmitted and it can be monitored in smartphone. Speech output is embedded in the project which provides better assistance for the visitors. They use their own smart phones and an embedded device for additional information.

Energy consumption is not expected to decrease in this century, because the world population is increasing and the economics of developing centuries are expanding rapidly. In contrast, the source and supply of primary energy sources like coal, oil and natural gas seems to decrease to a critical point. Alternate fuels will fulfill such demands in future. Biodiesel is quickly becoming one of the fastest growing alternative fuels in the world. Biodiesel from kapok seed oil by transesterification process is a mixture of calcium oxide(Cao) and ethanol. The high viscosity component, glycerol, is removed and hence the product has low viscosity like the fossil fuels. The transesterification can be done in a number of ways such as using an alkalai catalyst, acid catalyst, bio catalyst, heterogeneous catalyst in their supercritical state. The transesterification of kapok seed oil was carried out by using rotary magnetic stirrer method in the presence of ethanol as a reagent and calcium oxide(Cao) as the catalyst. Application of rotary magnetic stirrer method provides easy way to get a biofuel with advantages of enhancing reaction rate and improving the separation process. Creating biodiesel in a sustainable manner will allow this clean, renewable, and cost effective fuel to help ease the world through increasing shortages of petroleum, while providing economic and environmental benefits well into the future.

Delays due to weather hazards within the aviation sector can occur continually, however, through upgraded forecasting and effective delay management, the troubles and stress caused by delays can be drastically reduced. It had been found that thunderstorms are the most common of weather hazards that causes such delays are thunderstorms. Delays can also be due to other meteorological factors which include icing, rain, fog, etc. It had been additionally found that the accuracy of a weather reportsdoesn’t affect delay caused in departure and that they are mostly unavoidable. The extent of such delays and the trouble they caused can be reduced by some innovative designs. This study finally tries to conclude that the delays caused by weather conditions can be improved drastically by studying the weather and its patter over time.

I. INTRODUCTION Leather processing is broadly classified into Pre tanning, Tanning, Post tanning and finishing. In the Pre tanning unwanted matters are removed (like hairs and flesh etc...) and in the post tanning we can achieve the required properties of leather. Any Industry requires machines for their production. Role of leather machinery in production of finished leathers play major task, without modern machinery production of present day leather are impossible. Origin of machinery in leather industry starts from simple fleshing and shaving knife, hand padding which is the initial form of machinery. Development of leather machinery starts 100 years back. In early days most of the machines are mechanically operated and driven with steam power. With the invention of electrical power, developments in leather machinery took a new shape. More advanced machinery is developed with the help of electrical, pneumatic and hydraulic power. Due to the arrival of CNC (Computer Numerical Control), PLC (Programme Logic Control) and PC(Personal computer) more modernization was carried out. Today’s leather machinery is more accurate and it requires less maintenance and less human inference. In the near future use of robotics technology in the tanning sector is not ruled out.

Green Garment factories are becoming widely accepted worldwide due to their numerous benefits. Countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have turned into a global player in the apparel production and exports, becoming a major supplier for many leading fashion brands, by adopting Green concepts in their production. Although Indian Government provides several incentives and schemes to uplift Green factories in the country, India is lagging behind its neighboring counties due to a number of barriers and challenges which has been discussed in this paper.

Credit cards are widely being used all over the world. There is an assumption, that if one has a credit card and passes verification, the access is granted. Such an approach entails few threats: using of credit card being in possession of unauthorized people (stolen or just borrowed), risk of cloning card. One of the solution is verification of the biometric linkage between the signed facial image of the credit card holder embedded in credit card and the user’s facial image captured by a webcam during usage of the card. Our goal is to compare the similarity of faces embedded in the credit card and user. The face scanning is done using efficient facial image representation based on Eigen face texture features. It uses Eigen’s Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the dimensionality reduction.

A wideband Low Noise Amplifier is designed for Long term Evolution (LTE) application. A common source configuration with a resistive shunt feedback which is used to provide wide band input matching and to obtain lower noise figure. The proposed LNA is designed in 0.13µm technology. After the simulation, design consumes 110.6mA of current from 2.5V supply which operates on frequency of 0.7GHz to 2.7GHz. The simulations such as (S11=S22)>-10dB, S21=25dB show that all the parameters are working in appropriate manner.

This Project presents a women safety detection system using GPS and GSM modems. The system can be interconnected with the alarm system and alert the police station and relatives. This detection and messaging system is composed of a GPS receiver, Arduino board and a GSM Modem. GPS Receiver gets the location information from satellites in the form of latitude and longitude. The arduino board processes this information and this processed information is sent to the user using GSM modem. A GSM modem is interfaced to the MCU. The GSM modem sends an SMS to the predefined mobile number. When a woman is in danger and in need of self-defence then she can press the switch which is allotted to her. By pressing the switch, the entire system will be activated then immediately a sms will be sent to concern person with location using GSM and GPS.

The present report discusses the various structural behavior of voided slab or bubble deck slab and their structural benefits over traditional concrete slab. Bubble deck slab is a method of virtually eliminating all concrete from the middle of a floor slab, which is not performing any structural function, thereby dramatically reducing structural dead weight. High density polyethylene hollow spheres replace the ineffective concrete in the center of slab, thus decreasing the dead weight and increasing the efficiency of the floor. A biaxial hollow slab system is widely known as one of the effective slab system which can reduce the self - weight of slabs. By introducing the gaps leads to a 30 to 40 % lighter slab which reduces the loads on the columns, walls and foundation, and of course of the entire building. A Bubble Deck slab has two dimensional arrangements of voids within the slab to reduce self-weight. The behavior of Bubble Deck slabs is influenced by the ratio of bubble diameter to slab thickness.

Trilateration is the process that uses locations of points by measurement of distances, using the geometry of circles, spheres or triangles to calculate a particular point. Computer generated graphics is used in various places of design generation such as automobile designing, map designing and various areas of graphics generation. The conventional method uses Computer Aided Drawings (CAD) and it requires a working knowledge of the softwares used and the process takes time to turn a nonverbal information into visual form. It is much easier to draw directly than on CAD. This paper shows an arduino based system to design and implement these computer-generated designs directly on 3D space using ultrasonic sensors and the method of trilatration.

In the present work the use of polypropylene fibers for improving properties of black cotton soil. The comparison of properties of soil with addition of varying percentages of fibers by dry weight of soil and having different aspect ratios is also carried out. The addition of polypropylene fibers resulted in increase in optimum moisture content and decrease in maximum dry density. Direct shear tests conducted on soil shows increase in value of cohesion and decrease in value of angle of internal friction. With the inclusion of the fibers increase in CBR value and unconfined compressive strength is observed.

The appropriate location or detection of vein vessels plays important role in forensic field, medical applications and in biometrics like human identification, matching. Identification of vein vessels is necessary in medical field for needle infusion in the patients. Sometimes many of doctors or nurses found difficulty to locate vein vessels so if it goes wrong then it can cause Trauma, Hematoma, cuts on the bones, Allergic reactions, Swell in the skin. The pattern of vein can be used for human identification in biometrics and other biometrics features having particular drawback which can be overcome if we go for vein detection which having its unique features. Many researches are going on the vein recognition which includes researches on palm vein, wrist vein, dorsal vein, Finger vein, forearm vein etc. The framework for all types of mentioned vein recognition is based on authentication, more or less all having with same aspiration to detect vein in respective ROI. So to get rid of problems with needle infusion the embedded system with infrared camera can be developed which can detect veins on the body. And this system can be a handheld system which will be used to detect veins of persons practically. Camera will take a real time video with help of infrared lights and every vein on skin will give different contrast, hence it will be easier to identify.

The generation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has turn into a gradually more important worldwide issue over the last decade, because of the escalating growth in municipal populations, and the concomitant increase in waste generation per capita. Even though increases in recycling, composting, and incineration, the sanitary landfill is still the major MSW disposal substitute. Nowadays, “Bioreactor Landfill” is one concept that has gained considerable attention. But the presence of lignin is the limiting factor at later stages of biodegradation of MSW under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, inoculation with lignocellulolytic fungi can be useful for enhancing degradation. Two types of white- rot fungi (Phanerchaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor) have properties of lignin degradation. This paper reviews the details about degradation, process of anaerobic decomposition and aspects for enhancement of decomposition through enzymes and microorganisms at later stages of anaerobic bioreactor operation using cow dung manure as an inoculum for Indian conditions.