Volume VII Issue VI

Indian Railways span global volumes in hospitality and catering sectors with services provided to 22 million passengers every day. Improvement of catering services is an on-going process. In its endeavor to provide quality and hygienic food to the passengers, Indian Railways have developed an operationalized and institutionalized mechanism for monitoring of quality and hygiene of catering services through regular inspections at various levels. The passenger satisfaction levels are also regularly monitored through direct feedback and other means to address catering complaints. This study is exploratory in nature, undertaken on a sample of 80 passengers in selected trains to identify the satisfaction levels on catering services of Indian Railways. Both primary and secondary data were gathered during the research. The respondents were selected on random basis from the population. Data were analyzed by using simple statistical tools and results were presented.

Water bodies have been largely polluted by heavy metals. Removal of heavy metals can be done with various adsorbents. For a safe environment, we need to remove a heavy metal from contaminated water. There is various numbers of waste by-products such as fly ash, eggshell, fava beans, papaya seed etc .This project deals with removal of heavy metals from waste water by using natural adsorbent “Musaccae”. We eliminated the heavy metals of chromium (Cr) &lead (pb) from dye waste water. We collected the waste water form Sattur dye industry. Results of removal showed that the range of concentration at the range of 20-40 mg/l.98% chromium and 95% of lead was removed with natural adsorbent musaccae.90% of lead and 97% of chromium was removed with tea waste. Musaccae was effective in removal of heavy metals when compared to tea waste.

This paper discusses about the difficulty in rural electrification and aims towards providing a solution in the means of off-grid solar setup. A study of load calculation for a single rural house is conducted and accordingly its power requirements are stated. Based on the basic power requirements, calculation of Photovoltaic module size and the battery backup is estimated. Paper explains different ways to enhance the efficiency of solar panel. Powering rural houses using solar and with minimal requirement is the central idea of the paper. It also covers the cost estimation that will be required to design the similar setup.

The potential for production of large quantities of bio mass of aquatic floating species especially water hyacinth, during the aquatic phase of the flood-pulse characteristics for this ecosystem. Such bio mass could be wisely managed for the production of bio fuels.Positive energy balance white minimal interference in the environment. Currently biodiesel is becoming popular as an environmental friendly fuel. It has been used as in the automotive industry. A major source of energy for our dynamic society is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal petroleum and natural gas this sources are found out to be in the limited amounts of available, those are depleting resources. Thus the study has demonstrated systematic approach to disposal of water weeds in solid waste management system. Biodiesel and bio-ethanol production is a alternative approach to fossil fuel.

Return on Investments (ROI), which is also referred to as Return onCapital Employed is the traditional technique of measuring corporate performance. Economic Value Added (EVA®) an alternative technique of measuring corporate performance in gaining popularity and is perceived as better measure than Return on Investments. An EVA® is a profitability measure of a project or investment which is based on residual income technique. EVA® is an absolute measure vis a vis ROI which is relative measure. EVA® is easier to interpret than ROI. EVA quantifies the wealth creation made by an investment in a project. This paper determines the ROI and EVA® of S&P SensexCompanies for the accounting year 2016-2017. The study concludes that EVA® as a technique of corporate performance measurement is a better indicator and can supplement ROI.

This paper discuss the case study and comparison of productivity of component using old duplex grinding machine and special purpose duplex grinding machine(SPM) for grinding operation. In this case study, the SPM is used for grinding the four faces of universal joint/universal joint cross (UJ cross). In this paper the following studies are carried out 1. Time saved by component handling (loading and unloading), using hydraulic clamping, 2. Increase in productivity both qualitative and quantitative, 3. Less human intervention, indirectly reduction in operator fatigue, 4. Less rejection due to automatic controls, and 5. Increase the profit of company.

Similarity in diversity is the law of nature. Similarity, if exploited duly, several benefits like space/cost/inventory reduction, enhanced productivity, comfort and ease to human, etc., can be derived. In this paper some approaches for cluster/cell formation are presented in such areas as manufacturing, administration, management, etc. Based on some kind of similarity expressed in terms of, say, pattern, class, shape, weight, color, journey/flow path, etc., the clusters or cells are designed. An overview of such approaches is presented. Clustering/cellular approach is also used for searching nearest neighbor in such cases as nearest park, garden, hotel/restaurant, hospital, mall, etc., with respect to a query point within a specified area. The geo co-ordinates of such facilities having specified provisions are indentified within the specified area from the query point and the facility having the nearest Euclidian distance is selected. An algorithm is proposed in this paper for locating fast nearest neighbor search. Two case studies-one in operations management and another in data mining- are presented. The paper, it is believed, is of interest to all concerned including mechanical engineers, travel agents, computer scientists, medical practitioners, management personnel, etc.

Adsorption is the most commonly preferred method for heavy metal removal from waste water because of its advantages like low cost, profitability, availability, efficiency and ease of operation. In this study, adsorption potential of coconut shell biochar has been investigated for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution using batch and column experiments. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted by varying adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentration. Percentage removal of Cr(VI) using coconut shell biochar is found to be 99.5% at adsorbent dosage of 12g/L, pH 2, temperature of 300C and at contact time of 1h. Langmuir isotherm model (R2= 0.9528) were well fitted for coconut shell biochar with maximum adsorption capacity of 2.833mg/g. Adsorption data were well described by pseudo second order model with R2= 0.9958. Intraparticle diffusion model indicated that intraparticle diffusion is not only the rate limiting step. Fixed-bed column study has been carried out to compare results with batch capacities. Expressed through breakthrough curve, fixed-bed Cr(VI) adsorption data shown consistency with ideal S-shape curve. Desorption analysis was performed with 0.2M NaOH. The present study indicated that coconut shell biochar can be used as effective adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution.

This paper presents the basic information related to Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) device Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). Static synchronous compensator is shunt connected FACTS device, which have been used to verify the performance and determine the power transfer quality. For case studies of academics the hardware model is developed and voltage profile has been studied for uncompensated (without STATCOM) and compensated (with STATCOM).

Energy efficiency building design the cooling load estimation plays a vital role because now a day’s major part of the power is consumed to run the heating ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) system. Hence to design and development of cooling load software is mandatory to incorporate the energy efficiency features to reduce the power consumption and accurate and fast results. Previously cooling load estimation was done manually which is quite tedious, complex, time consuming and liable to error due to complex architectural design. The present endeavor to design and develop a software which has an edge over the various other complexes and costly software available in market. The present software is enhanced user friendly and minimum data input with accurate results obtained. This software is based on the carrier data book used for cooling load estimation based on cooling load transfer and solar heat gain factor method. The programming language has been done in Visual Basic 6.0 and Microsoft Access has been used to create the data base. The approach in the present work is divided in three modules and prepares the individual algorithm, flow chart, and individual form design for each part. Step by step the data input will be given as per the architecture design and finally the result sheet will come after finishing all data input. The testing & validation of this software is done by solving one sample project with this software and carrier hourly analysis program software (HAP v 4.90) which is available in world wide market. The comparative results obtained by both of the software are so close and accurate and finally the level of accuracy of present software is 98.1%.

This study is done to choose the best suitable road type among the five flexible road types cited in IRC 37-2012 for optimum cost of the construction at various CBRs from 2% to 15 % and different traffic volume conditions from 2msa to 30 msa. The material, equipment and direct construction cost and their proportions are calculated based on the District schedule rates and the specification and standards of the Roads (MORTH Specifications). Co-relation between the cost, road types, CBRs and Traffic volumes is calculated, which could serve the purpose of selecting the low cost road crust type at a particular location of certain CBR.

Hot and cold water is always needed for human being; different systems are used to get hot and cold water. The devices which are available in market for heating and cooling purpose have more cost and size of those systems is more. e.g. refrigerator, electric heater and solar water heater. In this current paper, peltier effect is used to get cold as well as hot water simultaneously. The thermoelectric water cooler and heater (TEWC&H) consists of 6 thermoelectric modules (TEM) of specifications 12706 (where 127 represents number of pallets and 06 represents maximum ampere rating of the module) and two aluminum rectangular heat sinks with stainless steel water carrying tanks. The TEM were sandwiched between two water carrying tanks. This TEWC&H is used in two operating modes namely cooling mode and heating mode. The TEWC&H have features like no moving parts, long life, very reliable, do not emit harmful gases in environment and no maintenance. The minimum cold water temperature was found to be 10°C with mass flow rate of cold water 3.75 kg hr-1 and maximum hot water temperature as 60°C mass flow rates of hot water 3.75 kg hr-1 at an input power of 220 watts.

Thermal insulation is one of the major requirements for various industrial applications such as welding, forging, machining, electrical circuits and automotive etc. In this study the evaluation of thermal conductivity is depend upon various temperatures. Initially done the experimental setup followed by s9tandard electrical circuit. By changing the input voltage of heater, then the temperature will be raises. This concept is applied to find the thermal conductivity of various type of insulating powders. In this experiment analyses the conduction heat transfer from outer metal solid body to insulating powder at various controllable heat input. The powders are silica fumed, sodium silicate, mica, foundry sand, wood, cement, white cement, red soil, coal, cement + foundry sand, silica fumed + sodium silicate, and silica fumed + sodium silicate + mica. After, calculate the thermal conductivity of the various powders by using standard calculation procedure. Finally compare the thermal conductivity of above mentioned insulating powders. From this comparison best choice of the insulating powder is select for industrial application.

Enhancement of heat transfer rate and reduction of fin dimension has major criteria in designing the heat exchanger components. This dissertation is an experimental analysis to investigate forced heat transfer of rectangular fin by comparing both solid and circular perforation along the lateral axis of the fin. Performance is analyzed experimentally by designing experimental setup for specific fin length. Thermal performance, effectiveness and efficiency of fins are primarily focused in this study. Due to increase in surface area or convective area heat transfer rate increases, Nusselt Number decreases. The large impact is that higher reduction in weight of fin is achieved by producing perforation which is the major requirement in heat transfer equipment as they were having numerous applications where weight of the material concerns.

Vocational Education is an upcoming learning technique in India to enhance specific skills set in various sector. Academic education gives the basic knowledge about a particular sector or a job requirement, whereas a vocational training gives specific inputs to the students to perform in their respective jobs. Indian education system has been very slow in adopting the vocational culture. But,since 2005, vocational courses in banking and financial services has changed the learning system to meet the requirements of new age banking. There are a few private institutes that offer short term courses in this sector to fresh graduates and have been successful in offering jobs in private sector banks and financial services organizations. This paper is an attempt to understand some major parameters that affect the enrollment decision of a student in these vocational institutes. To understand the buying behavior of a customer is important for sales professionals to achieve the sales targets and make the organization successful. Similarly, it is important for the admission counsellors to understand the student’s buying behavior and prepare a proper counselling pitch. The findings of this paper will help the VET institutes to make strategies towards focused areas to improve enquiries and admissions.

The concept of electrical power system is changing from centralized large power generators to distributed system that includes non-conventional sources. Small generators were primarily for back up and were not synchronized to the grid. A trend is being observed to change the role of these distributed generations from back up to primary source of electricity in the form of microgrid. The paper discusses the effectiveness of the Microgrid in a distribution system and presents a depth review of the Microgrid. Various architecture and control schemes of the Microgrid are reviewed. The paper aims at providing a broad perspective on the state of art of the Microgrid to the researchers and application engineers dealing with power quality aspects and Microgrid.

The major objective of this research paper is to compare Crowdfunding regulations of United States & regulations of Indian Crowdfunding norms prescribed under the SEBI Consultation paper which was issued in 2014. This study is conducted to know whether draft Crowdfunding norms are capable of extracting lessons & experiences of already implemented regulations of other countries specifically with respect to US regulations. The study concludes that draft regulations of India are innovative in many ways as the banking & securities regulations have attempted to fit the new norms under the existing institutional infrastructure norms in India.

To examine the vibration characteristics of cracked rotor, a mathematical model for cracked shaft is developed and solved using matlab and simulink. The results are validated by experimentation and using Ansys. A shaft with disk mounted between two bearings is used. An artificial crack is introduced to detect the vibration characteristics of the rotor. Initially, the signature data was obtained with no crack using spectrum analyzer. Later, crack was introduced with depths ranging from 2 mm to 8 mm with four steps on the rotor of 15 mm diameter. On observing the peak amplitudes of right and left bearings, a difference in the values was observed. This indifference in the magnitude of the peak amplitude is because of the combined effect of coupling and position of the crack. A simplified model is solved using ANSYS and the harmonic analysis was performed for different combinations of crack depths and results were obtained. The results obtained by using the three analysis methods gives almost same peak amplitudes.

The concentrated leachate from landfill sites is a major threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This paper presents an overview of the use of constructed wetlands for remediation of landfill leachate. The constructed wetland is a relatively novel technology with great potential for environmental remediation. This treatment technology has been extensively studied for treatment of diverse type of wastewaters. They have been found highly effective for the remediation of bio-refractory organic compounds, plant nutrients, as well as hazardous heavy metals. The treatment process mechanism, parameters, plant species, and performance for removal of pollutants from landfill leachate are to be evaluated. The constructed wetlands may provide sustainable solution for treatment and management of landfill leachate.

This paper presents a method to predict the traffic delays during the Railway constructions using data from present investigators. The method is based on a technique where the data from adjacent investigators is processed to calculate the travel time between the two investigators. The travel time are taken as time-series data, and the problem of predicting the traffic delay is formulated as a time-series problem. Here an on-line approximate is used for the prediction of travel time based on current and past travel time estimates. Some examples are used to explain the traffic delay forecasting algorithm.

Energy conservation is one of the words one is hearing more and more. Unfortunately, a lot of the places one will hear it will be in advertisements, marketing products or lifestyle habits that may have nothing to do with actual energy conservation. To learn what real energy conservation techniques are, we have to begin to understand the theory of conservation behind them. Energy conservation is not about making limited resources last as long as they can, that would mean that you are doing nothing more than prolong a crisis until you finally run out of energy resources all together. Conservation is the process of reducing demand on a limited supply and enabling that supply to begin to rebuild itself. Many times the best way of doing this is to replace the energy used with an alternate. Energy prices have increased at an alarming rate, and interest in environmental responsibility is at an all-time high. Many organizations are looking for ways to conserve energy, reduce carbon emissions, and save on overall utility costs. While total energy management is very complex, there are some relatively simple strategies that can reduce a company’s energy consumption, lower costs, and advance your conservation goals. This paper deals with the Customer’s (Buyer and / or User of Energy Conservation Systems) perspective to Energy conservation practices.

An increase in demand for the development of new product and its manufacturing techniques which adopts certain attributes to sustain in the market. Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a Flexible and innovative technique in manufacturing of small batch sheet parts to the required shape. The process is carried out at room temperature (cold forming) and requires a CNC machining centre, a spherical tip tool and a simple support to fix the sheet being formed. Aim of the current study is to investigate material formability, thickness distribution and hardness of Aluminium AA5052, Steel S553 and Stainless Steel SS304 sheet metal. In this Study the effects of process variables like tool path profile, tool rotation speed, wall inclination angle and feed rate on the formability was investigated by experiments. From the experiments it is found that Formability is reduced due to increase in wall angle and tool run out. During studies Geometric accuracy of the parts manufactured was been studied and comparisons made between the CAD files and the actual manufactured parts.

Over the last few years consumers became more health conscious which leads to increase in the consumption of environment friendly and healthy product.The paper aims at studying awareness and consumption of organic products. In order to provide insight into consumer awareness and consumption of organic products, 200 respondents were surveyed using a questionnaire. The study revealed that majority of consumers are aware about organic product but a very few out of them purchase it. The major reasons of non-consumption of organic products were unavailability of organic product, lack of information about benefits of organic product and its high price. Demographic factors like teenager in family, education and monthly income affect consumption of organic product. Consumer were facing problem while purchasing organic product like hard to differentiate organic product from conventional product, lack of certification and labeling. The findings of this paper may help marketers to better strategic and marketing decisions. It also helps government bodies in designing public awareness programs.

The number of cores in a computing machine is doubling each generation. As the number of cores on multi-cores increase, all cores must be effectively utilized. So there should be a different approach in programming. One such solution is Parallel Programming or Parallel Computing.Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. The main reason for the difficulty in improving the efficiency is due to the conventional step by step programming of the traditional programming languages. Parallel algorithms that run on parallel processors will be a better hope for performance improvement of today’s fast computing devices. Today with the advent of numerous automated machines, and big data, conventional programming languages does not promise effective use of the hardware which in turn reduces the performance. Hence this paper, unveils the parallel programming languages that can be used for intelligent machines like robots, high speed computational devices, data analytics engine, etc.

Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is widely used in aerospace, marine and automotive industries for trimming composites. However, AJM demonstrates some challenges when cutting composite fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials such as cut accuracy andquality. This work presents various issues observed in AJM on CFRP composite materials, and the effects of AJM are analyzed in processing these composite materials. Drilling experiment was done on CFRP composite material as the work piece and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as abrasive powder. The effect of Overcut (OC) and Material removal rate (MRR) of this material was finding by using L9 orthogonal array based on Taguchi design and considering the, pressure of air and stand-off-distance are control parameter. This two output responses (MRR and OC) are contradicting in nature, for eliminating this modification has been converted into single response optimization techniques is known as PCA based grey relation analysis. In this result PCA based GRA means principal component analysis combine with grey relation analysis and simultaneously optimized single quality characteristics know overall quality performance index (OQPI).

The main objective is to develop a bimetallic piston, which can be used in automotive applications. In the initial study, a 3D model of bimetallic piston, was developed in solid works and in the second study, FEA (Structural and thermal) was done on bimetallic piston, considering different material combinations. Finally parameter study was done to choose the best combination of materials that is used to produce a machinable, durable bimetallic piston.

The advanced oxidation process (AOP’s) is more effective technology for removal of toxic and non easily removable waste present in wastewater. Oxidizing agent is more powerful for removal of waste present in wastewater. Now a days so many oxidation processes are used for removal of non easily removable waste present in wastewater, such most effective methods are Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Ozone (O3), Fenton reagent, Ultra-violet light (U/Light). In present paper highlighted the most effective methods used for treatment of Domestic as well as industrial wastewater. Oxidation process is used to destroy organic compounds in wastewater such oxidation methods are Chlorine Dioxide (CLO2), Fenton reagent, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Ozone.

The structure and electrical properties of Li-Cr spinel ferrite prepared by the citrate gel auto combustion technique, X-ray diffraction carried out to confirm the formation of the single phase cubic spinel structure. Electrical conductivity of lithium-chromium (Li-Cr) Nano ferrites of various composition have been investigated as a function of composition and temperature. A room temperature magnetization result shows a ferromagnetic behaviour decreases with increase in chromium content. The detailed results of structural and magnetic have been discussed so as to bring out the role of Cr substitution in lithium ferrite.

An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used and to identify methods for energy savings. There is now a universal recognition of the fact that new technologies and much greater use of some technologies that already exist provide the most hopeful prospects for the future. In this paper, the importance of energy auditing and process of energy auditing are presented in detail

Consumer buying behaviour is significant concept in the marketing. Consumer are the back bone of any business and its buying activity take very important role in the present market condition. The consumer behaviour is affected by social, individual and personal factors. The study on consumer buying behaviour towards two wheelers at Rubby Maratt motorcycles. This research is conducted with the help of questionnaire and it also filled by 50 respondents, this study report is based on 4 questions. The company found the barriers for customer and what are the factors mainly influence consumer to buy this bike.

In this paper, I apply a combined form of the laplace transform method with the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) to obtain the solution of Diffusion equation. This method is called laplace transform of homotopy pertubation method (LTHPM). LTHPM is applied to solve a linear and nonlinear homogeneous problems.

The most important motivating factor in an organization is how well the policies and processes related to Rewards and Recognition are in place. In banking sector, we observe that in most of the Banks, this has been taken an important and various initiatives have been taken towards it. Also, it’s observed that with this implementation various issues related to people management have got addressed /resolved. We have also seen that attrition issue in an organization have got addressed. HDFC Bank and Kotak Mahindra Bank were taken into study to understand how Reward and Recognition has been implemented and how it has been accepted by the employees. Several types of rewards and recognition have direct costs associated with them, such as cash bonuses, stock awards, and a wide variety of company-paid perks, like car allowances, paid parking, and gift certificates. Other types of rewards and recognition may be less tangible, but still very effective. These "non-monetary" rewards include formal and informal acknowledgement, assignment of more enjoyable job duties, opportunities for training, and an increased role in decision-making. This paper is basically to understand that which types of rewards and recognitions are meaningful to the employees in the banking sector and how this can have an immensely positive impact on performance, productivity, and ultimately company profits.

The purpose to make this report is to identify the several problems which is being faced by people and the solution regarding this is being generated. Our project deal with the survey by counting the number of vehicle during the peak hour of the day. This survey will help us to define the path of road and the traffic which is being generated. The heavy vehicle which is being passed during the hr will help us to know the construction or the work load is taking place near the road. Chart or the table is made in order to justify the different type of vehicle passing through the road.

The leaves of a plant provides the most important information or data which provides us to know which type of plant it is and which type of disease is infected on that leaf. The plants play an important role in the biological field. In this paper we have described the development of a system that identifies the plant leaf diseases based on the images of plant leaves. Detecting diseases on leaf at an initial stage of a plant helps the farmer to prevent and take necessary actions to avoid loss in yield. Image processing techniques are applied for discovering and recognition of plant leaf unhealthiness. The system identifies the disease using shape, colors and texture features extracted by using Gray level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) algorithm. These features are classified using SVM classifier. An accuracy of 90.86% was achieved.

Full adder is the heart of any central processing unit that is a core component employed in all the processors. This paper presents a design methodology for full adder circuit with minimum number of transistor i.e. reduced size & reduced area. This is then used to implement 10T full adder design for carrying out summation of bits. The analysis of the developed full adder design is done at room temperature CMOS 90 nm and 180 nm technologies using Micro wind tool 2.6.The result shows the comparison between different CMOS technologies in 90 nm and 180 nm using microwind tool 2.6 on the design in regards of power dissipation, propagation delay and power delay product. A comparison table shown having power, delay and transistor count based comparison at 90 nm and 180 nm technologies showing delay in time and dissipated Power within the full adder summation circuit design at room temperatures. We will also provide the layout of the full adder design at both technologies. The proposed technique shows 96.66% less power consumption in 90 nm and 93.93% less power consumption in 180nm as compare to base paper hybrid logic design.

Jet impingement has been an attractive cooling option in a number of industries over the past few decades. Over the past 25 years, jet impingement has been explored as a cooling option in microelectronics. Recently, interest has been expressed by the automotive industry in exploring jet impingement for cooling power electronics components. Jet impingement cooling has broad application, such as controlled cooling of metals or non-metals in manufacturing processes, as a result of its easy implementation and high efficiency. Many investigations have dealt with convective heat transfer by submerged jet impingement(gas jets in gases or liquid jets in liquids), but studies of free liquid jets(travelling through gases) are much less common, particularly those presenting theoretical analyses of the heat transfer by liquid jets. The reason may be the complexity of the local phenomena. Heat transfer is a basic thermal process which is part of thousands of natural and manmade processes. The attempts of increasing heat transfer of a device or processes by providing external aid are known as heat transfer enhancement.

Model predictive control is a widely used method in process control. This paper presents a Novel MPC approach for the LED flood lighting system that handles the excessive heat generates due to LED operation by controlling the speed of fans attached. Apart from chemical, power system and power Electronics fields, first-time MPC system has been used for LED Flood lighting. As MPC requires very high computational speed for controlling the device under control therefore in this paper, FPGA is used as a controller.In order to calculate the performance of the proposed system both hardware (using T&M instruments) and software (simulation software) has been used.

The major style constraints in adder are space and power dissipation. The ability of power dissipation in MOSFET is directly proportional to the output load capacitance and it's reciprocally proportional to the voltage, semiconductor device gain that in turn depends on the switch frequency, sub threshold outflow and switch time. During this paper, we've got bestowed the literature on developing with of high speed, less space full adder exploitation economical techniques. The improvement of the projected vogue is often done by using the assorted techniques. The parameters speed and space of the projected vogue are often improved by exploitation Carry Look Ahead Techniques. It conjointly reduces the circuit quality. The total adder could be an elementary building block of central method unit of a portable computer that's utilized among the best microprocessors for purpose of maintaining timers. Previously, a lot of economical style has been introduced for the design of inferiority operation; however we have a tendency to tend to own given the eye to the carry look ahead and reversible gate techniques.

Dr APJ Abdul kalam, a precious star teacher, who gives his whole life not only for the students but also all the teachers, he teaches us including both students and teachers like a teacher rather than President of India. He is a role model including both students and teachers.