Volume VIII Issue VII

Simulation is the most effective tool in conducting a study of line balancing. By using a simulation software, we can view the results very quickly which helps in taking the big decisions. The bottlenecks of the system can be easily identified with simulation. This study focuses to meet the targeted throughput for the maximum demand of the customer. A simulation tool is used to carry out the analysis of the current system and improvements are suggested by conducting various experiments. The aim is to balance the line by reducing the losses or to suggest the alternate ways to achieve the targeted throughput of the system. A small-scale industry is selected where the customer demands for peak requirement are not met. In simulation, the study of bottle-necks present in the system are identified and solutions are given to minimize them as possible. The bottle necks are identified by studying machine utilization statistics, Queue parts statistics. System throughput is monitored for every experiment.

Simulation software is basically used to identify the bottlenecks in the industries. Simulation is basically visual representation of a working model which predicts us the behaviour of the model which we can relate to the real life scenario, also simulation can tell us the existing productivity & from which we can make some experiments in the model to improve the productivity. The main advantage of the simulation is we can make any changes in the existing model which is very difficult to change physically. If we get improved results by doing such experiments then we can change the layout or locations of machines in real life scenario. A small-scale industry is selected where the customer demands for peak requirement are not met. The study is conducted by using a simulation software (Flexsim). In simulation, the study of bottle-necks present in the industry are identified and solutions are given to minimize them as much as possible. The bottle necks are identified by studying machine utilization statistics, Queue parts statistics. System throughput is monitored for every experiment. After taking some experiments the results are improved as compare to existing results.

Improving the quality of products being manufactured and enhancing the productivity is the utmost importance in today’s global competition. This could be achieved by addressing the bottlenecks present in the manufacturing process as well in the layout. This project aims at optimizing the layout of piston manufacturing unit of menon piston limited Kolhapur. It is done by carrying out a detailed study to find out bottlenecks in the existing layout and suggest corrective measures to them. Various tools statistical quality control, flow process charts, flexsim software are used. The layout is optimized by first building and validating the simulation model of existing layout, followed by creating proposed layouts based on the various alternatives found for the bottlenecks and validating them. Alternatives or corrective measures are decided by making use of statistical tools like brainstorming and flowchart. Simulated results ate then compared with existing results so as to find the optimized layout. It is also intended to carry out the cost analysis so as to know the economic impact of implementation of proposed changes in the piston manufacturing unit.

Ardeshir Godrej joined the bar at Zanzibar in 1889 to practice law, where he soon found out that to win he was obliged to commit a sin. So he said enough’s is enough. He quit law looked for work and he returned to India. He Started making instruments of surgery, the technology was good, but the unseen hand of the British saw to it there was no demand for his products, so, much for British protectionism. But the indefatigable entrepreneur cast his eyes on the lowly locks. British and American manufacturers dominated the market but there was a flaw in their products, their springs used to not work, and the levers, often gave way. Borrowing money he began making anchor locks, which didn’t have springs. They were a success in the market. Exposing chink in the foreign made safes, which rendered them unreliable, he started manufacturing safes; He patented the door frame, double plate doors, and lock case, and sold the safes at half the price of foreign brands. Even the Queen, while on a tour of India in 1912, availed of the services of a Godrej safe.

This paper attempts to achieve smart lighting voice and text control system by using Bluetooth and Arduino UNO as a main processor. In this system used four major components which are Arduino Uno Board, HC-05 Bluetooth Module, Android Smartphone and LEDs. The system is implemented on an embedded platform & is equipped with a bluetooth module (HC-05) which gives the required input for operation. The main objective of this paper is to control the light using bluetooth module via Arduino by voice command or text command from smart phone.

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a Seven-Segment Displays Designs on BASYS3 Board.The purpose of this paper to practice implementation VHDL codes and performing simulations on various counter designs and implement designs on FPGA with BASYS3 board utilizing switches, LEDs, and seven-segment displays. In this paper we are going to use Pmod KYPD: 16-button Keypad. This keypad has 16 keys and they are arranged in an array of 4 rows and 4 columns. This keypad can be attached to one of the Pmod ports of FPGA board. On BASYS 3 we have 3 such ports, JA, JB and JC. Out of 12 pins, 8 are used for data and 4 for power supply.

In India, rural-urban migration has been found to be substantial in the context of urban poverty, urban slums and informal sector employment. Much of these are attributed to the rural-spills. Very often the concept of smart city is strongly related to the widespread of technology, to be more specific, mobile applications etc. completely forgetting the essence of a city with its connected problems. The real challenge of the huge population migration from rural areas to cities will be great challenge for the so called 'Smart Cities’, the cities that are moving towards modernization on account of advent of Information Technology. Given the diverse geographical and cultural characteristics of the country it is quite natural to expect that rural-urban migration rates will be varied across states and even within the states This paper is an attempt to understand the rural-to-urban migration flows with reference to Delhi, the capital city of India. The paper measures the rate of growth of population in Delhi and compare it with the other metro cities of India. It also tries to assess the states/region that majorly contribute to the migrating population in Delhi on one hand and on the other hand examines reasons for the population mobility.

This paper has presented improving the response performance of temperature control heat exchanger Process. The mathematical equations representing the dynamics of a shell and tube heat exchanger system were obtained and then modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. A proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller that has low pass filter (LPF) added to derivative component called (PIDF) controller was designed using the PID block of Simulink. Robust and fast tuning was performed and the gains of the PID and the coefficient of the LPF were obtained and integrated into temperature control heat exchanger loop. Simulations were conducted for unit step response considering when the designed PIDF was not in the loop (uncompensated) and when it is in the loop (compensated). The result of the uncompensated system indicated sluggish response with rise time of 72.1 seconds, settling time of 133 seconds and overshoot of 0%. In the compensated case, the step response of the outlet fluid temperature was largely improved with rise time of 9.53 seconds, settling time of 15.4 seconds and overshoot of 1.01%. This indicated that the PIDF provided a fast and better tracking response performance to unit step set point.

Potholes pose severe problems on Nigerian roads. The aim of the study is to fabricate a walk-behind vibratory plate compactor with high performance, for the purpose of repairing potholes on pavement structures. For optimum compaction delivery by the machine on a combined asphalt and sub-grade layer, a compaction depth of 30cm was chosen as the compaction capability of the machine. Hence, the fabrication was based on achieving this compaction depth when employing the dynamic method of compaction. Owing to the fact that all needed materials necessary for the functional and apt running of the compactor was carefully selected, standard dimensions were taken where necessary, to avoid congestion and unwanted discrepancies of working parts that could lead to failure or seizure in components. Taking ergonomic suitability of the operator into consideration, the fabrication of the vibratory plate compactor not only provides the solution to the need for proper compaction of potholes, but also ensures that operator’s comfort is guaranteed. The total cost of the project which is approximately five hundred and thirty three Dollars covers the cost of materials and sub-assemblies, transportation of materials and sub-assemblies, machineries and equipment, fasteners, finishing, fueling, as well as other miscellaneous expenses. The objectives of the research such as cost effectiveness, use of locally sourced materials, and optimized ergonomics were achieved. The results gotten include; a high compaction force, minimized stresses on members, good aesthetics and body finishing, cost effectiveness, low maintenance cost, as well as optimized ergonomics.

In an effort to determine the studentsintake and the need for adequate infrastructure, space allocation, personnel, as well as accruing revenue planning, a forecast of three academic sessions of 2019, 2020 and 2021, was made for a department within a university. The daunting challenge posed by this lack of information to the various heads of departments could lead to unplanned expenditure and policy summersault. The admission list of students for the Industrial/Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka admission unit for eleven consecutive years, was used as a test case for the analysis. The ordinary least square approach was used to determine the expected number of students’ intake for the succeeding years under review. The result of time series decomposition analysis showed that approximately 45, 39, and 43 students should be admittedfir 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021 academic sessions respectively. The Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 7.942 and 16.318 respectively were also obtained as forecast performance accuracy measures to validate the results. The adoption of the research findings by the relevant authorities in the university will lead to mot just proper manpower planning, but also efficient capacity building.

India is an agriculture-based country, where 58% of the population is based on agriculture for their livelihood. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 18% of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to about 50% of the country’s workforce. In most of the developing countries, women constitute as one of the important sources of farm power. Among all agricultural activities, weeding is predominantly the responsibility of women. Weeds are unwanted plants that grow in various fields and gardens, these weeds must be removed for proper cultivation of crops Off late, different types of weeders are being developed in India. These weeders are helpful for weeding in agricultural activities. Weeding by manually operated weeders increase the efficiency of workers and the productivity of work. Manual weeding requires huge labor force and accounts for about 25 per cent of the total labor requirement, which is usually 900 to 1200 man-hours/hectare per year (Nag and Dutta, 1979). In India, this operation is mostly performed manually with cutlass or hoe that requires high labor input. Many weeding implements have been developed, amongst which are the traditional hoes, spades and the cutlasses. Their effectiveness is still very low with high-energy demand. The average energy demand of the traditional tillage hoe ranges from 7 to 9.5kJ/min when compared with 4.5 kJ/min (75 watts) which is optimum limit of continuous energy output of man (Nwuba,1981). In India, the annual loss due to weeds in food grains is about 82 million tons (P. K. Singh, 2013). A Wheel hoe is a mechanical device used by farmers forplugging, weeding and cultivating. It was invented by a horse farm tools manufacturer Planet, in the year 1890. The aim of our project is to design and develop a semi-automated multipurpose agricultural wheel hoe to use of various agricultural operations in single equipment. Very few Indian farmers have Tractors; but not all the farmers can afford a tractor. An alternative for tractor is the power tillers, which is also expensive. There exists another alternative called wheel hoe. It is manual driven equipment used for agricultural operations. Moreover, the labor requirement for weeding depends on weed flora, weed intensity, time of weeding, and soil moisture at the time of weeding and efficiency of worker. Behera and Swain (2005) reported that manually operated weeders have found acceptability due to their low cost. The performance of the weeders as well as the operator vastly depends on the design of the weeders. A weeder if designed without considering human capabilities will fail to deliver the desired result and will be finally rejected by the worker. The possible outcomes of this project are:  The working efficiency is set to increase with the reduced power to weight ratio.  Reduced cost with reliable performance output.  People with different physics can be accommodated on this equipment.  Required amount of load can be applied downwards leading to the better plowing of land.  Maximum land is supposed to be ploughed at a single stretch. The main aim of our project is to design and fabrication of multipurpose agricultural equipment, we have designed a model running with fuel and also easy to operate for a user. In this equipment we find that we have simply used a sprocket mounted on rear shaft which will carry the loads with other two wheels. Also the assembly consists of 3 wheels out of which 1 is mounted on front and 2 are mounted as guide wheel at rear end. A sprocket is mounted on rear side exactly at the centre of shaft. By pulling the sprocket on shaft that will generate enough torque required. It consists of cultivator, weed remover and a plough. A plough tool is attached to the bottom of the frame. When we move the complete assembly, ploughing at required distance can be carried out. It helps small scale farmers to save the time and labour. This type of a tadpole configuration gives another feature to add a comfort zone so that a farmer can sit over the engine. This saves much of manpower and the same energy can be utilized to cultivate a larger area in shorter time. The main intention of transforming conventional wheel hoe to a motorized one is to provide farmers having a low land holding of about 1 to 2 acre the accessibility to carry out agricultural activities at a reduced cost that allows farmers to save on their expenses and add profit to their work. This reduction in expenses would eventually reduce the cost of agricultural products. Feature of changing the plough distance with respect to required cropping is supported by just fastening the bolts and nuts along with equipment. Cultivating the land by applying no physical efforts by the farmer helps to maintain the health and do more work. Motorizing is beneficial in both the ways of reduced land cultivation time and quantity of fuel consumption per acre of land. This portable product is designed to its maximum optimal functioning at a very lost cost of 15000 INR this is six times cheaper compared to purchasing of one mini tractor.

Small-scale construction firms (SSCFs) are the majority players in most construction industries and improvement in their performance will have a major impact in the overall performance of the construction industry and the sustainable development of a country. Many researchers had proposed various measures and support programmes, however, the outcome of the implementation have been inconsistent. Therefore, this study aims to review the available control and support measures towards improving, the performance of small-scale construction firms. The study adopted a mixed methodology involving focus group and questionnaire survey of 125 small-scale construction firms undertaking the federal government mass housing projects in the seven North-West states of Nigeria. The data was analysed using content analysis, descriptive statistics and principal component analysis (PCA). The study identified fourteen (14) measures comprising six (6) internal such as; skills and technology acquisitions, effective marketing strategy, vision and innovation and 8 external measures to be implemented by government and other stakeholders that includes, increase patronage, economic and fiscal policies that support SMEs development. The study developed a framework to guide towards improving performance and development of small-scale construction firms.

The prevalence of worm infestation is high in underdeveloped and developing countries because of poor sanitation and lack of health education. Our study was aimed to search out the individual and synergestic result of *Ocimum sanctum* (Family: Lamiaceae), *Coriandrum sativum* (Family: Apiaceae), *rosid dicot genus pinnata* (Family: Fabaceae), *Epipremnumn aureum* (Family: Araceae) and *curcuma longa* (Family: Lamiaceae) extract as a result of they need been used historically for the treatment of worm infestation. additional exploring the phytoconstituents gift within the herbs of the polyherbal formulation can aid us within the bioactivity gift. Various concentration of ethanolic extracts of varied herbs and therefore the polyherbal formulation were subjected for assessment of anthelmintic activity in Pheritima posthuma. Time of dysfunction associated time of death was used as an analysis parameter. helminthic change state (10 mg/ml) was used as a customary drug. Phytochemical take a look at discovered the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenoplast compounds and tannins. Concentration dependent anthelmintic result was discovered with the extract. once one hundred mg/ml concentration of ethanolic extracts of the polyherbal formulation was more it showed dysfunction of take a look at worm (earthworm) at eighteen minutes and death at thirty-nine minutes. The polyherbal formulation has shown substantial anthelmintic activity exploitation in vitro model on earthworms which can be attributed to the polyphenols gift within the extract.

The inability of various efforts of government to curb the energy crisis being experienced in the country can be attributed to inadequate planning for the various power stations. This paper, therefore seeks to develop a model to enable the successful forecast of available water for power generation, in Shiroro hydropower station in Niger state, Nigeria. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average was applied to a ten year hydrological time series record. The monthly daily average of headwater elevation necessary for power production, was computed across the years, for this station. 100 and 20 of these observations were used in training and testing respectively, in this analysis. The result showed the Mean Percentage Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error and Root Mean Square Error of 14.20%, 134.43% and 0.38 respectively. The R2 and Rof 0.99 and 1.00 respectively, were also obtained. The model developed will enable energy planners in the assessment of the energy capabilities of the hydropower station, based on available water, as well as for proper planning.

Several surface inland water bodies and groundwater are now being polluted by toxic heavy metals as a result of polluted soils in the environment. Surface water bodies become polluted as a result of runoffs from polluted soils and groundwater polluted as a result of leaching from polluted soils. This is now a major concern especially in the fisheries and aquaculture sector which mainly depends on surface and groundwater for productions because these metals cause water pollution and poses various forms of adverse effects on aquatic organisms; they accumulate in their tissues thereby contaminating the food chain when consumed by higher animals. Keeping in view the gravity of such environmental problem, a pot experiment was undertaken to study and quantify the potentials of metal accumulation and the distribution pattern in castor and cotton which are non-edible, commercial and industrial plants grown on heavy metal contaminated soil. Soils were treated separately with two levels of metals: Ni,Cr,Pb and Cd, at 50 and 100 ppm and also a combination of all metals at 50 and 100ppm in a completely randomized design experiment. A set of crops grown on soil with no metal amendment served as the control. Both crop species showed a remarkable difference in accumulation, uptake and distribution of these metals in their different plant parts. In general, the pattern of total metal accumulation in both crops followed the order Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd. The accumulation was also found to increase proportionately as the concentration of metals in soil increased. Combination treatments showed significant reduction in all metal accumulation in both crops when compared with the accumulation under a single metal contamination. Metal uptake was crop specific whereby Ni and Pb uptake was higher in castor while Cr and Cd were higher in cotton. Metal distribution in castor plant parts followed the order Stem>Leaf>Root>Seedshell>Seed; while in cotton it followed the order Bollshell>Stem> Leaf>Root>Seed>fibre. Distribution of almost all the metals was found to be more in vegetative parts compared with reproductive parts for both crops. Within the reproductive parts, pericarp (seed shells and boll shells) recorded maximum distribution as compared to economic parts (seed and fibre). This will help reduced surface water pollution as a result of run-offs from polluted soil and also groundwater pollution due to leaching of these heavy metals making it suitable for aquaculture purposes without contaminating the economic parts of the selected crops. Although both the plant species are hyper-accumulators, castor could be recommended where Ni and Pb are dominant pollutants and Cotton for Cr and Cd contaminated soil.

The climate change has brought about unpredictable weather conditions that have resulted in the global food shortage being experienced. A possible solution to this problem is households growing a reasonable percentage of the vegetables and crops in a greenhouse, which does not require too much land space. In the greenhouse, the microclimatic parameters that determine crop yield are continuously displayed and controlled to ensure that an optimum environment is created. The automated greenhouse control system achieves to control of a greenhouse environment by using sensors and actuators which are under the control of a microcontroller running a program. The system is composed of two stations: display station, and the actuators and sensors station. The controller used in the actuators and sensors station, which ensures that the microclimatic parameters stay within pre-defined values as determined and set by the user in the program.The aim of this research is to create an automatic controlled greenhouse system against the climate of Mawlamyine region (Myanmar) that can monitor and control the temperature, soil moisture levels within the enclosed house.

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a7-segment Display on STM32F446RE microcontroller board. In this paper, STM32CubeMx software is used for the general code generated. STM32cubemx automatically generates code for the IDE we want to work in and in this paper we are going to use Keil ARM MDK v5 IDE. STM32 cubemx is used to initialize the STM32F446RE microcontroller peripherals pins, operating frequency, oscillator selection etc. This software is using for the GPIO Port-A pin assign for the 7-segment display and connect with STM32F446RE microcontroller. The generated code is opened by MDK ARM v5 IDE. In this section, 7-segment display is used as the output devices. Seven-segment displays are electronic display devices used as an easy way to display decimal numerals and an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. STLINK v2 debugger is used for interfacing with microcontroller board and the pc.

This paper analyzes the economic impact of Kishan Credit Card (KCC) in the tribal area of Gujarat especially in the southern district of Dang and Navsari. The socio economic conditions of the sample respondents, primary data relating to family characteristic features, type of land holding, cropping pattern and productivity were collected and analyzed. An attempt was made to study the cost of credit and adequacy of credit under KCC scheme as compared to non KCC scheme. The factors influencing the adoption of KCC scheme and constraints perceived by the farmers have been identified. Some measures have also been suggested to attract more farmers towards the scheme.

Data mining is an emerging area to discover knowledge from a tremendously large database or data warehouse. Association rule mining is one of the important roles in data mining which produces the rules for the associated itemsets in transactional database and examines user behavior. An interesting method to frequent closed itemset mining without generating candidate itemset called CLOSET is used. The CLOSET algorithm was designed to extract frequent closed itemsets from large databases. CLOSET is an FP-tree-based database projection method for efficient mining of frequent closed itemsets. The system explores the partition-based projection mechanism for scalable mining. It develops a single prefix path compression technique to identify frequent closed sets for books quickly. In this system, the database of book transactions borrowed by borrowers is considered as the applied data and the system is focused on generating the frequent closed book-sets and association rules. The system presents that borrowers are interested which books and authors. The system also presents the interestingness and correlation of books and authors. The system generates strong association rules when the minimum support count and confidence are high.

A building is a man-made entity that requires regular maintenance for it to serve its purpose of providing shelter and comfort for its occupiers. Maintenance seeks to retain, restore and replace any constitute of building that is affected by adverse weather elements, continuous usage and poor handling. Lokoja has witnessed the development of several housing estates since it was made the capital city in 1991. However, many of these are in a state of disrepair, altering the city’s picturesque and making the investment of several millions of naira a waste. The paper examined the objectives and benefits of building maintenance using Phase I housing estate, Lokongoma as a case study. Besides reviewing of relevant literature and fifty (50) questionnaires were administered to the estate occupiers in course of the study. The data generated were analyzed using tables and charts and recommendations made based on the study’s findings which revealed high level of ignorance of regulations on maintenance, negligence and wrong approach to the practice of maintenance as causes of poor maintenance culture.

There are many wonderful building styles from all over the world that can inform us with their shapes, materials, arrangements, decorations, concepts for heating and cooling, etc. With the influx of oil revenue and foreigners, Nigerian cities have grown to resemble many western urban centers. Lagos, for examples, is massive, overcrowded city characterized with urban features like traffic jam, movie theaters, departmental stores, restaurants, and supermarkets. Because most Nigerian cities grew out of much older towns, very little urban planning was used as the cities expanded. Streets are laid out in confusing and often mazelike fashion, adding to the chaos for pedestrian and traffic. The influx of people into urban areas has put a strain on many services. Power outages and disruptions of telephone service are not uncommon. Sustainable design requires that design practitioners respond to a particular set of social, cultural and environmental conditions. ‘Vernacular Architecture and Regional Design’ defines a set of strategies for understanding the complexities of a regional setting. Through a series of case studies, it examines how architects and designers have applied a variety of tactics to achieve culturally and environmental appropriate design solutions. Also shows that architecture and design are inextricably linked to social and environmental processes, and are not just technical or aesthetic exercises. It articulates a variety of methods to realize goals of socially responsible and environmental responsive design. This calls for a principled approach to design in an effort to preserve urban environments and forge sustainable best practice. Changes and developments in architecture at any point in time are reflections of the attempt by man to respond to the challenges posed by natural and environmental factors. This attempt is expressed in Technological, economical and socio-cultural attainments, which are reflected in his ability to develop and use the various materials he finds available. He also demonstrates this in the various construction technologies he develops to enable him use the materials that abound in nature. Despite the massive increase in urban populations and modern settlements, a very significant proportion of vernacular and traditional characteristics exists transformed in numerous ways and adapting to ongoing change or urban development. Case studies will be drawn from contemporary building types, (in the light of their influences by traditional and vernacular) supported by structured interviews. It is hoped that the research findings will highlight contemporary buildings that have recaptured elements from indigenous architecture. As such, a break from all that went before will neither be taken for granted, nor that the past has to teach, is assumed.