Volume XI Issue VI

01

The Dichotomy of Generating Electricity from Nuclear and Fossil Fuel Energy Sources

Eben A. NORNORMEY, Reine Makafui McEBEN-NORNORMEY, Evans QUAYE, George OPOKU-MANU · June 2022 · pp. 01-10

This research focusses on the dichotomy between generations of electricity from nuclear and fossil fuel based energies. Nuclear energy is obtained from fissioning of uranium or plutonium atoms while fossil fuel based energy is gotten from coal, crude oil or natural gas. The research shows that heat from a reactor is used to drive turbine in nuclear power plant while heat from boiler is used to spin turbine in fossil fuel based power plant to generate electricity. The nuclear reactors described in this paper are Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). The fossil fuel power plants talked about in this work are steam, gas turbine and combined-cycle power plants. The report did not only focus on environmental issues but discussed significant accidents in the mining of coal, drilling, transporting and distributing of oil and natural gas. The work also covered fatalities involved in these activities. Fatalities in nuclear energy field were also covered in this paper. The World worst nuclear power plant accident in Ukraine, Chernobyl disaster was extensively covered in this article. The conclusion of this paper dwelled on the global impacts of generating electricity from both nuclear and fossil fuel energy sources

**[1]. IAEA, "What is Nuclear Energy? The Science of Nuclear Power,," 2 Aug 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-nuclear-energy-the-science-of-nuclear-power,. [Accessed 6 Feb 2022]. [2]. T. Overton, "Fusion Energy is Coming and maybe Sooner than you Think," 1 Jun 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.powermag.com/fusion-energy-is-coming-and-maybe-sooner-than-you-think/, . [Accessed 6 Feb 2022]. [3]. S. a. M. M. Lewis, "The Human Planet," Yale University Press, 2018. [4]. National Geographic Society,, "Non-Renewable Energy,," 13 Feb 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/non-renewable-energy/, . [Accessed 7 Feb 2022]. [5]. EIA, "Nuclear Fuel Cycle-U.S.-Energy Information," 21 Jun 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.eia.gov › energyexplained › the-nuclear-fu...,. [Accessed 7 Feb 2022]. [6]. World Nuclear Association, "Uranium Enrichment," Sept 2020. [Online]. Available: https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment.aspx. [Accessed 12 Feb 2022]. [7]. C. J. Randall, "Renewable Vs. Nonrenewable Energy Resources – Sciencing,," 27 Jun 2018. [Online]. Available: Sciencing.com>Science>Physics>Energy,. [Accessed 22 Feb 2022]. [8]. Xing, J. Song, D. and Wu, Y.,, "HPR1000: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor with Active and Passive Safety, Engineering,," vol. 2(1), pp. 79-87, 2016. [9]. National Research Council,, "6 Potential Environmental Effects of Uranium Mining, Processing, and Reclamation,," The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2012. [10]. NCBI, "Potential Environmental Effects of Uranium Mining, Processing and Reclamation," 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK201052/, . [Accessed 22 Feb 2022]. [11]. Jeff Turrentine, "Coal Ash is Hazardous, Coal Ash is Waste but According to the EPA, Coal Ash is not "Hazardous Waste"," 6 Sept 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/coal-ash-hazardous-coal-ash-waste-according-epa-coal-ash-not-hazardous-waste,. [Accessed 22 Feb 2022]. [12]. UNEP Global Programme of Action,, "Global Marine OIl Pollution Information Gataway, Facts on Marine Oil Pollution,," 2005. [Online]. Available: http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/facts.htm,. [Accessed 22 Feb 2022]. [13]. V. a. H. G. Tornero, "Chemical Contaminants Entering the Marine Environment from Sea-Based Sources: A Review with a Focus on European Seas," Marine Pollution Bulletin,, vol. 112, no. 1-2, pp. 17-38, 2016. [14]. Mining-Technology,, "The World Worst Coal Mining Disasters," 25 Oct 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.mining-technology.com/features/feature-world-worst-coal-mining-disasters-china/, . [Accessed 13 Feb 2022]. [15]. V. V. Daniel J. Weiss, "Fossil Fuels: Legacy of Disaster," Apr 25, 2011. [16]. J. Conca, "Natural Gas and the New Deathprint for Energy," 25 Jan 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.forbes.com › jamesconca › 2018/01/25 › n..., . [Accessed 13 Mar 2022]. [17]. Liz Hampton, "Driller at Center of Oklahoma Well Blast has History of Deadly Accidents,," 26 Jan 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oklahoma-drilling-patterson-uti-idUSKBN1FF2KN,. [Accessed 13 Mar 2022]. [18]. T. E. V. E. A. B. P. C. S. a. T. G. Ghosal, "Is your Document Novel? Let Attention Guide You, An Attention-Based Model for Document-Level Novelty Detection. ,," in Natural Language Engineering, vol. 27, 2021, pp. 427-454. [19]. N. B. a. A. D. Kathleen McGrory, "OSHA-Tempa-Electric-Ignored its Rules in Accident," 28 Dec 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.tampabay.com/investigations/2017/12/28/osha-tampa-electric-ignored-own-rules-in-fatal-big-bend-accident/. [Accessed 13 Mar 2022]. [20]. World Nuclear Association, "Chernobyl Accident 1986," Mar 2022. [Online]. Available: Available: https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-,. [Accessed 13 Mar 2022]. [21]. N. Meshkati, "Human Factors in Large-Scale Technological Systems' Accidents: Three Mile Island, Bhopal, Chernobyl.," Industrial Crisis Quarterly, pp. 133-154, 1991. [22]. Forbes, "Natural Gas and the New Deathprint for Energy,," 25 Jan 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2018/01/25/natural-gas-and-the-new-deathprint-for-energy/?sh=3498aeca5e19,. [Accessed 13 Mar 2022].**

02

Preparation of Earth Slip Hazard Zonation Map in Upcountry Railway Line Using GIS & Remote Sensing

A.K.R.Sameera, R.M.K Rathnayake · June 2022 · pp. 11-16

The area extends from the Edalgashinna to Bandarawela has become more vulnerable to earth slip disasters than other areas in Sri Lanka’s upcountry railway line. Due to the high-intensity rainfall, soil erosion, soil structure, slopes, geological structure, deforestation, and other anthropological activities directly influenced the increasing earth slips along the upcountry railway line, and this earth slip risk also affected to day to day activities. The objective of the study is the preparation of an earth slip zonation map and identifies the earth slip high-risk areas from Idalgashinna to Bandarawela along the railway line. This study is based on secondary data. Mainly used the elevation, rainfall, river network, soil, and land use data. All the data were analyzed with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to calculate three risk levels, such as High, Moderate, and law. After that, all vector data were converted into raster formats. The final risk map was cratered using weighted overlay techniques. According to findings, the risk map can be classified into high risk (40%), moderate risk (34%), and low risk (26%). Most of the earth slips occurred in the high-risk and moderate-risk areas representing the reactivation of historical earth slips. Therefore, it is proved that validation of the hazard zonation map with real incidences. In the study area, most of the high and very high hazard class areas were found occupying the areas of the railroad

**[1]. Ranagalage M, Murayama Y, Dissanayake D, Simwanda M. 2019 The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017). Sustainability 11, 1–27. (doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0262.v1) [2]. Ranagalage M, Wang R, Gunarathna MHJP, Dissanayake D, Murayama Y, Simwanda M. 2019 Spatial Forecasting of the Landscape in Rapidly Urbanizing Hill Stations of South Asia : A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka (1996–2037). Remote Sens. 11, 1743. [3]. Dissanayake D, Morimoto T, Murayama Y, Ranagalage M, Perera E. 2020 Analysis of Life Quality in a Tropical Mountain City Using a Multi-Criteria Geospatial Technique : A Case Study of Kandy City , Sri Lanka. Sustainability 12, 1–22. [4]. Perera ENC, Ranagalage DTJM, Wijenayaka DMSLBDHMDS. 2020 Introduce a framework for earth slip risk assessment using geospatial analysis : a case study from Kegalle District , Sri Lanka. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. (doi:10.1007/s40808-020-00811-z) [5]. Perera ENC, Jayawardana DT, Jayasinghe P, Ranagalage M. 2019 Earth slip vulnerability assessment based on entropy method: a case study from Kegalle district, Sri Lanka. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. (doi:10.1007/s40808-019-00615-w) [6]. Ranagalage M. 2017 Earth slip Hazards Assessment in Nuwara Eliya District in Sri Lanka. In Japanese Geographical meeting, p. 100336. (doi:10.14866/ajg.2017s.0\_100336) [7]. Mukesh, G. L. (2009). Earth slip analysis in Geographic Information Systems. Geospatial world . https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/earth slip -analysis-in-geographic-information-systems/ [8]. Pardeshi, S.D., Autade, S.E. & Pardeshi, S.S. Earth slip hazard assessment: recent trends and techniques. SpringerPlus 2, 523 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-523. [9]. Perera E, Jayawardana DT, Ranagalage M. 2019 Post disaster recovery process of earth slip s in developing countries: A case study of Aranayake earth slip - Sri Lanka. Rev. Environ. Earth Sci. 6, 14–23. (doi:10.18488/journal.80.2019.61.14.23) [10]. Perera ENC, Jayawardana DT, Ranagalage M, Jayasinghe P. 2018 Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation ( SMCE ) Model for Earth slip Hazard Zonation in Tropical Hilly Environment : A Case Study from Kegalle. Geoinformatics Geostatistics An Overv. S3. (doi:10.4172/2327-4581.S3-004) [11]. Jayasingha, P. (2016). Social Geology and Earth slip Disaster Risk Reduction in Sri Lanka.Collin, R. M. (1957). Battleground: Environment [2 volumes]: Environment [Two Volumes]. London: Greenwood Press. [12]. Jayasingha, P. (2016). Social Geology and Earth slip Disaster Risk Reduction in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 6. No 02 , 1-13. [13]. Mukesh, G. L. (2009). Earth slip analysis in Geographic Information Systems. Geospatial world . [14]. Adams, F. (1929). geology of Ceylon. Canadian Journal of Research. [15]. Agliardi, F. (2012). Earth slip , definition, classification and causes. Milano,Italy: University of Milano,Bicocca. [16]. Bandara, R. H. (1994). Earth slip s in Badulla District of Sri Lanka. [17]. Cruden, D. &. (1996). A Suggested Method for Reporting a Earth slip . [18]. Kumari M. Weerasinghe, A. M. (2006). Learning to live with Earth slip , Natural Hazards, and Disasters. Ministry of Education and National Institute of Education, Education for Social Cohesion, Disaster Risk Management. [19]. Munasinghe. (2002). The Colonial economy on track. Colombo: Social Scientist Association. [20]. Pirazia, A. (1993). Mountain Environment. New Dilhi: S.B. Nagiya. [21]. S.Atapattu, ,. H. (2008). Towards earth slip risk reduction in Sri Lanka. [22]. Varnes, D. J. (1978). Slope movement types and processes. . [23]. Fuxiang, ,. G. (2002). The prediction of local earth slip based on GIS and neural network.**

03

Comparative Review of Routing Protocols for Energy-Efficient and Security in Wireless Sensor Network

T.C. Okeahialam, C.T. Ikwuazom, C.G. Onukwugha, D. O. Njoku, J.E. Jibiri · June 2022 · pp. 17-25

Recent developments in advanced wireless system have resulted in several improvements in the deployment of sensor networks communicating wirelessly. In order to monitor and control physical processes or parameters in a given system or environment, sensing device(s) is/are required. Thus, wireless sensor network (WSN) is a connection of sensor nodes designed to sense data from environment where they are deployed according to application. One of the most critical issues in WSN is the energy-efficiency. As a fundament factor to effective WSN installation, energy-efficient in the operation of WSN is a necessary topic that has attracted great attention in wireless sensor applications. Another important issue is the security of the WSN. As a result of the sensitive of data gathered by WSN, securing its nodes especially the sink node, will help prevent attackers from stealing important data that require high confidentiality in such areas as military applications. This paper has reviewed some of the routing protocols that have been designed for energy-efficient operation to prolong the lifetime and provide security for nodes of WSN

**[1]. Stallings, W. (2011). Data communications, Data Networks, and the Internet, Data and Computer Communications, 9th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. [2]. Wu, C.-H., & Irwin, J. D. (2013). An Introduction to Information Network, Introduction to Computer Networks and Cyber Security. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [3]. Akyildiz, I. F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., & Cayirci, E. (2002). A Survey on Sensor Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 40(8):102–114. [4]. Chen, X., Makki, K. Yen, K., & Pissinou, N. (2009). Sensor network security: A survey, IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials, 11(2), 52-73. [5]. Chai, G. Xu, M., Xu, W. & Lin, Z. (2012). Enhancing sink-location privacy in wireless sensor networks through k-anonymity, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 8(4), 1-16 [6]. Ebrahimi, Y., & Younis, M. (2011). Using Deceptive Packets to Increase Base Station Anonymity in Wireless Sensor Network, in Proc. Wireless Communications andMobile Computing Conference, 842–847. [7]. Jian, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2008). A novel scheme for protecting receiver’s location privacy in wireless sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 7(10), 3769-3779. [8]. Ngai, E. C.-H. (2010). On Providing Sink Anonymity for Sensor Networks, Security and Communications Networks, John Wiley & Sons, 267-273. [9]. Anastasi, G., Conti, M., Francesco, M., & Passarella, A. (2009). Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey, Ad Hoc Networks, 7(3), 53-568. [10]. Perwaiz, N., & Javed, M. Y. (2009). A study on Distributed Diffusion and Its Variants. in 12th International Conference on Computing and Information Technology, 44–49. [11]. Intanagonwiwat, C., G. Govindan, R. & Estrin, D. (2000). Directed diffusion: s scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 6th Annual international Conference on Mobile Computing, 56-67. [12]. Kulik, J., Heinzelman, W., & Balakrishnan, H. (2002). Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks, Wireless Networks, 8(2), 169-185. [13]. Karthickraja, N. P., & Sumathy, V. A. (2010). Study of Routing Protocols and a Hybrid Routing Protocol based on Rapid Spanning Tree and Cluster Head Routing in Wireless Sensor Network, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications and Sensor Computing, 1–6. [14]. Thakral, D., & Dureja, N. (2012). A Review on Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2(7), 26-32. [15]. Xiao, Y. (2006). Security in Distributed, Grid, and Pervasive Computing, Auerbach Publications, CRC Press. [16]. Tanveer, Z., & Albert, Z. (2006). Security issues in wireless sensor networks, ICSNC ’06: Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems and Networks Communication, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. [17]. Walters, J-P., Liang, Z., Shi, W., & Chaudhary, V. (2006). Wireless Sensor Network Security: A Survey, Security in Distributed, Grid, and Pervasive Computing, 78-84. [18]. Saraogi, M. (2004). Security in Wireless Sensor Networks, ACM SenSys, 64-69. [19]. Ashima, S., & Ratika, S. (2007). Detection and Isolation of the Wormhole Attack in Static Multihop Wireless Networks, Computer Network, 51(13)3750– 3772. [20]. Wood, A., & Stankovic, J. (2002). Denial of service in sensor networks. Computer, 35(54), 54-62. [21]. Raymond, D.R., & Midkiff, S. F. (2008). Denial-of Service in Wireless Sensor Networks: Attacks and Defenses. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 7, 67-75. [22]. Singh, G. (2016). Security Attacks and Defense Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Network: A Survey, International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 3(4), 129-136. [23]. Veeramallu, B., Sahitya, S., & LavanyaSusanna, Ch. (2013). Confidentiality in wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering, 2(6), 471-474. [24]. Jan, N., Al-Bayatti, A. H., Alalwan, N., & Alzahrani, A. I. (2019). An enhanced source location privacy based on data dissemination in wireless sensor networks (DeLP), Sensors, 19(2050), 1-22. [25]. Kumar, S.A., Ilango, P., & Dinesh, G.H. (2016). A Modified LEACH Protocol for Increasing Lifetime of the Wireless Sensor Network, Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 16(3), 154-164. DOI: 10.1515/cait-2016-0040. [26]. Ez-zazi, I., Arioua, M., & El Oualkadi, A. (2017). On The Design of Coding Framework for Energy Efficient and Reliable Multi-Hop Sensor Networks, The 8th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies,Procedia Computer Science 109C (2017),537–544. [27]. Shao, X., Wang, C., & Gao, J. (2018). Research on Network Coding Aware Energy Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2018(231), 1-31. doi.org/10.1186/s13638-018-1245-8. [28]. Ghaffari, A. (2014). An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks using A-star Algorithm, Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 12, 815-822. [29]. Liu, Y., Wu, Q., Zhao, T. Tie, Y., Bai, F., & Jin, M. (2019). An Improved Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, Sensors, 19 (4579), 1-20. doi:10.3390/s19204579. [30]. Kishore, K. V. K., Kumar, P. S., Venketasulu, D. (2018). Privacy preservation of sink node location in wireless sensor network using RFSN-RSA, Advances in Modelling and Analysis B, 61(2). 57-63. [31]. Mutalemwa, L., & Shin, S. (2019). Achieving source location privacy protection in monitoring wireless sensor networks through proxy node routing, Sensor, 19(1037), 1-19. [32]. Gu, Q., Chen, X., Jiang, Z. & Wu, J. (2009). Sink-Anonymity Mobility Control in Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, 36-41. DOI 10.1109/WiMob.2009.16. [33]. Alnawafa, E., & Marghescu, I. (2018). New energy efficient multi-hop routing techniques for wireless sensor networks: Static and dynamic techniques. [34]. Handa, P., Panag, T. S., & Sohi, B. S. (2019). Enhancing packet delivery ratio and lifetime of wireless sensor networks using energy-efficient unequal clustering routing algorithm. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(12), 376 – 382. [35]. D. O. Njoku, F. U. Madu, C.G. Onukwugha, I.A. Amaefule and J.E. Jibiri(2021)”Energy Efficient Analysis of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 8(6):55-63 ISSN: 2394-2630, CODEN (USA): JSERBR**

04

Optimization of Production from Thin Oil Rim Reservoirs Through Horizontal Wells

Ikputu, Woyengikuro Hilary; Odiki Esther Ebimoboere; Suru Olusegun Ebenezer; Khama Rieborue Emmanuel · June 2022 · pp. 26-31

Understanding oil rim reservoir production dynamics is critical to successful development of thin oil rims. The interplay of subsurface factors and production constraints determine the dynamics of oil Rim reservoir production. Therefore, in this work, the impact of a range of subsurface uncertainty on oil rim recovery was captured by employing the Plackett-Burman Design of Experiment (DOE) technique. The methodology involves a detailed oil rim simulation study. By employing the classical numerical reservoir simulation equation, assuming a negligible difference in fluid potential and applying material balance principle, the response surface model or proxy developed for cumulative oil recovery (Np) was combined with the cone breakthrough time equation and forms an integral part of the model. The model was developed through proxy model analysis of applying the principle of Nodal analysis to graphically combine gas-oil contact and oil-water contact respectively; with a view to controlling gas and water coning phenomena in gas-oil-water reservoir system. The result was compared with an existing correlation with field data obtained from the Niger Delta oil field. The models are simple for fast calculations for reservoirs with thin oil zones sandwiched between gas cap and bottom water. It is concluded that the developed models can be used as a tool to make a pass assessment in the development of oil rim reservoirs anticipated to experience water and gas coning during production.

**[1] Arnold, C. W., and Djauhari, H. H. (1995). “Review of Early Horizontal Well Applications in Central Sumatra”. SPE29288 presented at the 1995 SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference, Kuala Lumpur. [2] Billiter, T. C., and Dandona, A. K. (1999). “Simultaneous Production of Gas Cap and Oil Column with Water Injection at the Gas/Oil Contact”.SPE Reservoir Eval.& Eng., 2(5),412-419. [3] Bournazel, C. and Jeanson, B., (1971). “Fast Water-Coning Evaluation Method”. Presented at the Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AirviE, New Orleans, 3-6 October. SPE 3628. [4] Chaperon, I. (1986). “Theoretical Study of Coning Toward Horizontal and Vertical Wells in Anisotropic Formations: Subcritical and Critical Rates”. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 5—8 October.SPE-15377-MS. [5] Chen, H. K, (1993). “Performance of Horizontal Wells”, Safah Field, Oman Paper SPE 25568presented at the 1993 SPE Middle East Oil Technical Conference & Exhibition, Bahrain. [6] Cosmo, C., and Fatoke, F. (2004). “Challenges of Gas Development: Soku Field Oil Rim Development”. Paper SPE 88894 presented at the 28th Annual SPE International Technical Conference and Exhibition, Nigeria. [7] Dandona, A. K., and Morse, K A., (1975). “Down Dip Water Flooding at an Oil Reservoir Having a Gas Cap”. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 27(8), 1005-1016. [8] Dikken, B. J. (1990). “Pressure Drop in Horizontal Wells and Its Effect on Production Performance”. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 42(11), 1426-1433. [9] El-Sayed, S., and Beckie, B., (1996). “Horizontal Well Length: Drill Short or Long Wells” International Conference on Horizontal Well Technology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [10] Fetkovich, (1998). “Application of a General Material Balance for High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs” (includes associated paper 51360). SPEJ. 3 (1): 3-13. SPE-22921-PA. [11] Guo, B., Molinard, J.E., Lee, R.L.: (1992). “A General Solution of Gas/Water Coning Problem for Horizontal Wells”. SPE paper 25050 presented at the European Petroleum Conference, Cannes. [12] Howard, G.C. and Fast, C.R, (1950). “Squeeze Cementing Operations”. Trans., A1.ME 189: 53. [13] Høyland, (1989). “Critical Rate for Water Coning: Correlation and Analytical Solution”. SPE ResEng4 (4): 495—502. SPE-15855-PA. [14] Kozeny, J., (1933). “Wasserkraft and Wasserwirtschaft” 28: 101. [15] Okoro, F. (2018). Impact of Flood Rate, Salinity, and Wettability on Waterflood Oil Recovery Using Lab-On-A-Chip Method. Paper presented at the SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Lagos, Nigeria, August. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/193403-MS [16] Okoro, F. (2020). Comparison of Waterflood Oil Recovery under Different Oil Viscosities using Siljan and Sherwood Oils. Paper presented at the SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Virtual, August 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/203616-MS [17] Onuka, A. U., and Okoro, F. (2019). Prediction of Oil Reservoir Performance and Original-Oil-in-Place Applying Schilthuis And Hurst-Van Everdingen Modified Water Influx Models. Paper presented at the SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Lagos, Nigeria, August. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/198714-MS**

05

The Effect of Frequency and Percentage on Reflection and Transmission Coefficient of Soda Lime Silica-High Density Polyethylene Composites using Waveguide technique for Microwave application

Abubakar Dantani Meli, CHE Azurahanim Che Abdullah, Abubakar Samaila, Shehu Umar, Muhammad Aliyu Wara · June 2022 · pp. 32-38

A composite material description was established for soda lime silica glass as the filler and High Density Polyethylene as host matrix (SLS-HDPE) for waveguide termination (dummy loads) application, by determining the effect of frequency and percentage with respect to SLS-HDPE composite’s reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) coefficient. The proposed SLS-HDPE composites material was studied at frequencies 8 to 12 GHz. The study was conducted using the X111644A X-Band waveguide (TRL) method of the Agilent 85071 software kit Material Measurement. The study found that SLS percentages have significantly influenced (S11) and (S21) both in magnitude and across the frequency. The effect of frequency and percentage on reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) coefficient for SLS-HDPE composites with different percentages of SLS and HDPE (10%SLS-90%HDPE, 20%SLS-80%HDPE, 30%SLS-70%HDPE, 40%SLS-60%HDPE, 50%SLS-50%HDPE) were investigated. Results showed that the frequency and percentages significantly influenced the reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) coefficient properties of the composites. Moreover, the reflection (S11) coefficient increase with increase in percentage of SLS filler and decrease with frequency while the transmission (S21) coefficient decrease with increase in percentage SLS filler and decrease with increase in frequency. The smallest reflection (S11) coefficient of the SLS-HDPE composites was found at 100% HDPE (0.6372) and largest reflection (S11) coefficient of the SLS-HDPE composites was found at 50% HDPE (0.8407), and the smallest transmission (S21) coefficient of the SLS-HDPE composites was found at 50% HDPE (0.4899) while the largest transmission (S21) coefficient of the SLS-HDPE (0.7644) composites was found at100% HDPE. The magnitude of reflection (S11) coefficient decreased with increase in frequency from (8 GHz to 12 GHz) and the magnitude transmission (S21) coefficient increased with increase in frequency from (8 GHz to 12 GHz).

**[1] Meli A.D., Zulkifly A., Mohd H.M.Z. & Nor Azowa I. The effects of SLS on Structural and Complex Permittivity of SLS-HDPE Composites (2019) 7. [2] An assessment of skin sensitisation by the use of epoxy resin in the construction industry, (2003). [3] Iwamaru, T., Katsumata, H., Uekusa, S., Ooyagi, H., Ishimura, T., & Miyakoshi, T. (2012). Development of microwave absorbing materials prepared from a polymer binder including Japanese lacquer and epoxy resin. Physics Procedia, 23, 69-72. [4] Mandal, S. K., Singh, S., Dey, P., Roy, J. N., Mandal, P. R., & Nath, T. K. (2016). Frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric and electrical properties of TFe2O4 (T = Ni, Zn, Zn0.5Ni0.5) ferrite nanocrystals. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 656, 887-896. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.045 [5] Cruz, S. A. and Zanin M. Nagoya, (2003) IEEE 503–505. [6] Filippini, J. C., Tobazeon, R. Martial, C. Coelho, R. Matallana J. and Janah. H Toulouse (2004): IEEE, 115–118. [7] Cruz, S. A. and Zanin. M. (2004) IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 11, 855–860. [8] Yamamoto, Y., Ikeda M. and Tanaka, Y. (2004) IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 11, 881–890. [9] Vilckas, J. H., Albiero, L. G. Cruz, S. A. Ueki M. M. and Zanin, M. Kitakyushu (2005) IEEE, 683–686. [10] Guo, W. M., Han, B. Z. Zheng, H. and H.Li, Z. Bali (2006) IEEE, 747–750. [11] Tuncer, Sauers, E., I. James, D. R. Ellis A. R. and Pace. M. Quebec (2008) IEEE, 301–304. [12] Green, C. D., Vaughan, A. S. Mitchell G. R. and Liu, T. (2008) IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 15, 134–143. [13] Sami, A., E. David and Frechette, M. (2009) Virginia Beach: IEEE, 689–692. [14] Yaacoba, W., Nadiah, W.S., Jamarib, S.S. and Ghazalic, S. (2015) In Advanced Materials Research 1119, 301-305. [15] Lynn, C., Neuber, A. Krile, J. Dickens J. and Kristiansen, M. Washington: IEEE, (2009) 171–174. [16] Shah, K. S. Jain, R. C. Shrinet, V. Singh A. K., and Bharambe D. P IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 16 (2009) 853–861. [17] Nioua, Y., El Bouazzaoui, S., Achour, M. E., & Costa, L. C. (2017). Modeling microwave dielectric properties of polymer composites using the interphase approach. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 1-10. Colberg, M.; Sauerbier, M. Kunstst-Plast Europe, (1997) 87, 9. [18] Ibrahim N.A., N. H., M.Z.A. Rahman and W.M.Z.W. Yunus. (2011). Mechanical Properties andMorphology of Oil Palm EmptyFruit Bunch–Polypropylene Composites:Effect of Adding ENGAGETM 7467. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. doi: 10.1177/0892705711401549 [19] Gouda, O.E. Haiba, A.S. (2018) Measurement. [20] Pozar, D. M. Microwave engineering, (2009) John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA, Vol. 3rd Edition. [21] Abdalhadi, D. M., Abbas, Z., Ahmad, A. F., & Ibrahim, N. A. (2017). Determining the Complex Permittivity of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Material by Open-ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Microwave Applications. Bio Resources, 12(2), 3976-3991. [22] Ismail H. Uluer Jeff, Jeff Frolik, Thomas M. Weller, “A Semi-Emprical Model for Predicting the effects of Moisture on Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), pp. 1-4, 2022.**

SN	Title	Authors	Page No.
1	The Dichotomy of Generating Electricity from Nuclear and Fossil Fuel Energy Sources	Eben A. NORNORMEY, Reine Makafui McEBEN-NORNORMEY, Evans QUAYE, George OPOKU-MANU	01-10
2	Preparation of Earth Slip Hazard Zonation Map in Upcountry Railway Line Using GIS & Remote Sensing	A.K.R.Sameera, R.M.K Rathnayake	11-16
3	Comparative Review of Routing Protocols for Energy-Efficient and Security in Wireless Sensor Network	T.C. Okeahialam, C.T. Ikwuazom, C.G. Onukwugha, D. O. Njoku, J.E. Jibiri	17-25
4	Optimization of Production from Thin Oil Rim Reservoirs Through Horizontal Wells	Ikputu, Woyengikuro Hilary; Odiki Esther Ebimoboere; Suru Olusegun Ebenezer; Khama Rieborue Emmanuel	26-31
5	The Effect of Frequency and Percentage on Reflection and Transmission Coefficient of Soda Lime Silica-High Density Polyethylene Composites using Waveguide technique for Microwave application	Abubakar Dantani Meli, CHE Azurahanim Che Abdullah, Abubakar Samaila, Shehu Umar, Muhammad Aliyu Wara	32-38