Volume XII Issue X

This study assessed the effects of divorce on education of pre-primary school pupils. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Population of the study comprised of six hundred and four (604) teachers in ECCE section of the 84 public primary schools in the Area Council. Sample size of the study was 75 teachers was used in the study. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire which was constructed in 4-point modified Likert scale format. Descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, and percentage were used for data analysis. Results of the study revealed that divorce has negative impact on educational, cognitive and socio-emotional developments of pre-primary school children in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. It was recommended that parents should be concerned about educational development of their children, and avoid divorce; and that teachers should discharge their professional responsibilities towards assisting children from broken families. Page(s): 01-08 Date of Publication: 26 October 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121001

Visual Merchandising is a modern-day technique used by retailers to attract customers by communicating through visual appeal in order to secure their market share amidst intense competition. Scholars have proved that visual merchandising is a powerful tool that can draw customers towards the store and entice impulse purchases. The current study aims to identify the impact of visual merchandising on impulse buying behavior with reference to customers of supermarket chains in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. The underlying concept was presented with a comprehensive review of literature. Primary data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that was distributed among a sample of 250 respondents from Kandy, Matale and Nuwara-Eliya districts. The sample was formed using the convenience sampling method. The researcher used the SPSS software to analyze the collected data. At the data analysis phase, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were analyzed and the hypotheses were tested using the correlation and regression analysis in which two hypotheses were accepted and two were rejected. The dependent variable of the study was customers’ impulse buying behavior and the independent variable was visual merchandising. The independent variable consisted of four dimensions namely, window display, store layout, promotional signage and product display. The findings of the study revealed that out of the four dimensions, product display and window display have a significant and positive impact on impulse buying behavior. This study provides an understanding for retailers to focus on specific elements of visual merchandising in order to create a positive impact on customer’s impulse buying behavior. The researcher recommends that the scope of this study could be expanded to investigate both internal and external factors that influence customers’ impulse buying behavior with a combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Page(s): 09-17 Date of Publication: 26 October 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121002

In this research, the objective is to examine how the variables of entrepreneurship education, achievement motivation, and income expectations influence investment decisions among small business owners in the city of Makassar. This study adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing descriptive quantitative research methods, and data collection is carried out through a questionnaire instrument. The research focuses on a population of 10,087 small business owners in Makassar. The sampling technique used is probability sampling with a simple random sampling method. By applying the Slovin method, a sample of 100 respondents is taken from 10 districts, namely Tamalate District, Manggala District, Biringkanaya District, Tamalanrea District, Mariso District, Panakkukang District, Ujung Pandang District, Tallo District, Mamajang District, and Makassar District. The collected data is further analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression. The research results indicate that when these three independent variables are combined, they significantly influence investment decisions in small businesses in Makassar. However, when analyzed separately through partial significance tests, it is found that entrepreneurship education and achievement motivation have a positive but not significant influence on investment decisions. On the other hand, income expectations have a positive and significant influence on investment decisions in small businesses in Makassar. Page(s): 18-28 Date of Publication: 30 October 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121003

This interdisciplinary investigation delves into the multifaceted analysis of barriers within the realms of socioeconomic, cultural, institutional, and mental health aspects to attain a deeper comprehension of the persisting underrepresentation of women within STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) professions. Despite regulatory efforts aimed at fostering gender equality, women remain a minority in STEM domains, constituting a mere 34% of the workforce. This disparity is glaring, with women comprising only 21% of engineering majors and 19% of computer science majors, thereby illustrating the pervasive underrepresentation across the academic spectrum. Additionally, gender pay disparities persist, accentuated by biased recruitment and advancement practices that culminate in considerably lower earnings for women in comparison to their male counterparts. Young girls and women face discouragement in pursuing STEM vocations owing to entrenched stereotypes, a dearth of female role models, and an inhospitable institutional milieu. Prevailing societal biases continue to perpetuate the notion that STEM is predominantly male- dominated, portraying scientists and STEM professionals primarily as men. The absence of female role models, particularly for Black women, compounds this challenge. Furthermore, institutional impediments within academic and research settings perpetuate gender insensitivity, mandating conformity to traditional gender norms and impeding the progression of women in their professional trajectories. Additionally, the rigorous demands of STEM education exacerbate mental health issues, notably amongst graduate women hailing from various socioeconomic strata. These issues manifest as heightened stress levels, anxiety, depressive disorders, and even suicidal ideation, dissuading young girls from embarking on STEM careers. To redress these obstacles and propel gender equality within STEM, recommendations encompass the implementation of affirmative action and equal pay policies, robust advocacy for inclusivity and diversity in STEM education and workplaces, establishment of mentorship initiatives, and proactive efforts to debunk prevalent stereotypes. Essential too is the destigmatization and establishment of comprehensive mental health support initiatives tailored to the unique needs of underrepresented groups within STEM. This study underscores the urgent call for collaborative action by governments, institutions, and stakeholders to cultivate a more hospitable and equitable STEM environment for women. It accentuates the paramount importance of comprehending and addressing the intricate interplay of factors inhibiting gender parity within STEM professions. To conduct a meticulous exploration of the intricate nexus between societal, cultural, institutional, and mental health elements contributing to gender disparities in STEM, the research methodology involved a triangulation of data from scholarly journals, surveys, and academic papers within the STEM domain Page(s): 29-33 Date of Publication: 04 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121004

This investigation delves into the intricate challenges surrounding financial inclusion and convenient access to high-quality education within the Global South, encompassing regions such as Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. The study underscores the pressing imperative for concerted action to ameliorate the dire state of the education system. A considerable segment of the populace grapples with limited access to superior education due to financial constraints, inadequately trained educators, substandard learning environments, and the exclusion of children with varying abilities. These barriers impede not only individual advancement but also stymie collective socio-economic progress, perpetuating disparities in society. The study accentuates the pivotal role played by partnerships, advocacy initiatives, and innovative financial paradigms in surmounting these challenges, drawing upon an extensive corpus of research and empirical data. Emphasizing the necessity of forging collaborations among commercial enterprises, non-profit entities, and educational institutions, it aims to bridge the resource and infrastructure gaps in education. Propelled by advocacy campaigns, policymakers, communities, and diverse stakeholders can be effectively convinced of the profound value of financial education and literacy. A significant obstruction scrutinized in this study is the financial aspect, constituting a formidable barrier to accessing high-caliber education across the Global South. Financial constraints manifest in elevated dropout rates and diminished educational attainments, exacerbating extant societal disparities. Innovative financial strategies, such as grants, scholarships, microloans, and digital payment alternatives, serve as potent instruments for bolstering accessibility and affordability of higher education. Concluding this study is an exhaustive compendium of recommendations to redress these pressing challenges. These recommendations encompass fortifying partnerships, advocating for enhanced financial literacy, implementing cost-effective measures, augmenting the availability of scholarships and grants, and underscore the vital importance of international cooperation. The research underscores the criticality of funding teacher training programs and bolstering educational infrastructure as indispensable components within a holistic strategy aimed at enhancing education within the Global South. Page(s): 34-40 Date of Publication: 04 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121005

We determine the Theta and the Vega sensitivity of Asian Option (AO) and Best of Asset option (BAO) via the properties of Malliavin calculus. These sensitivities which are represented by the Greeks are obtained with skorohod integral and the integration by part technique for stochastic variation of the Malliavin calculus. The weight functions of the Greeks for Asian Option (AO) and the Best of Asset option (BAO) were derived and this was used to determine expressions for the Greeks. Page(s): 41-54 Date of Publication: 08 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121006

This study investigated ‘The Access and Use of Information and Communication Technology for Distance Education by Zimbabwe Open University’s Virtual Region graduates.' This study was informed by the pragmatist philosophy and used the sequential exploratory approach. From a population of 50 virtual region graduates in 2022, 16 were sampled for this study. Findings were that using ICT for ZOU’s online-communication was uncomplicated. Half the graduates used their laptops for e-learning while the other half used other means. Most students indicated that lack of robust ICT-infrastructure led to students’ inability to access learning materials. 50% of the students indicated that ZOU’s responses online was slow. All graduates indicated that ZOU online tutorials were unavailable. Most graduates’ lives/careers/businesses improved after the attainment of ZOU’s virtual-qualification. All graduates were willing to recommend studies with ZOU’s Virtual region. They rated ZOU as most-convenient. Challenges graduates faced included unavailable online-tutorials, computer-illiteracy, inadequate tools, unwillingness to change, lack of expertise, software problems, internet-connectivity, lack of robust ICT-infrastructure and administration challenges. Recommendations were that Government should supply free e-learning resources and training, time-management and attitude-change training programmes to enable prospects to use and access ICT easier. Band with had to be increased, e-tutorials to be functional and communication improved by ZOU’s administration to allow full utilisation of ICT for learning purposes by students. Graduates needed hands-on skills to overcome e-learning challenges. Page(s): 55-58 Date of Publication: 08 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121007

Saving is one of the most imperativerudiments in a developing country's ability to advance that needs to be moredeveloped.Thegoal of this research is to inspect the influential factorsthat have a dynamic connection with the savings behavior of a sample of individuals who were randomly chosen in a low-income group in Chattogram District,the commercial capital of Bangladesh. For this purpose, data were collected from 2000 people selected onasimple random basis,both rural and urban families, of Chattagram district, Bangladesh to determine the saving habits of lower-income groups.To better understand household savings behavior among low-income groups, we used various regression analytic methods to estimate the values of the slope and intercept coefficients of the regression model.According to the results, the samples that answered the questionnaire had the following features in common: Men and females were ranging in age from 31 to 40 years old, married or not, and with just a primary level of education; the majority of them are non-service holders with incomes less than or equal to 10,000.00 Tk.The inferential statistics revealed that the factors of income and the function of financial institutions are significant in the connection between saving behavior and every component of the economy, excepting other independent variable such as age, marital status, domicile, employment status, education, family size, financial knowledge, saving institutions, motivators of saving which also affects savings behavior but these were statistically insignificant. Page(s): 59-70 Date of Publication: 08 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121008

This study examined the relationship between social media usage and delinquent behaviour among secondary school students in Delta tate. In the course of the study, one research question and one hypothesis were tested. The correlational research design was adopted. The population was made up of 72,854 senior secondary school students in Delta State. A sample size of 1,045 students was selected through a multistage sampling procedure. A questionnaire made up of standardised items was used to gather data. The questionnaire was validated by experts’ judgement and factor analysis. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was used to estimate the reliability index of the instrument. The Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient of Determination was used to answer the research question, while regression statistics were used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that a significant positive relationship exists between social media usage and delinquent behaviour among secondary school students in Delta State. The researcher recommended that parents and other relevant stakeholders play their role in monitoring and reducing the amount of time teenagers spend on social media. Page(s): 71-79 Date of Publication: 09 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121009

Claiming reparations for human rights violation by states or by any governmental agencies, have been a vital challenge at local and international levels. Although, there has been few developments in theory and in reality of reparations for human rights violations by states in some parts of the world as will be seen later in this article, many of the violations committed in Africa, in places like South Africa, Uganda, Nigeria and elsewhere, during colonial times either remained unresolved, partly reparated or reparations denied completely. As a result of what has been said, issues concerning responsibility for gross human rights abuses have never been considered favorably in Africa. In some African states for example, the way states deal with past human rights abuses is often dependent on the way in which political change has occurred and the way the state deals with the tensions between justice, truth and reconciliation. Beyond the foregoing, irrespective of the legal requirement to afford reparation which in itself makes reparation a vital component of the underlying need to respect victims’ rights to justice and to underscore the role of law in society, reparation serves a number of purposes. One of such purposes include but not limited to victims’ right to recover and/or receive compensation or reparation for past violations; helping to restore the disequilibrium between those whose rights have been violated and society which typically underpins human rights violations. More 6so, assisting in victims’ rehabilitation and taking measures to prevent recurrence of violations will help victims overcome trauma, restore confidence in the legitimacy of the justice system and the affirmation of the rule of law. Page(s): 80-96 Date of Publication: 10 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121010

Inhibition of ACC Oxidase Activity of Mango by Modified Atmosphere Storage is aimed to extend the storage life were carried out at Food Technology Laboratory, University of Mataram from by using Completely Randomized Design and continued with Least Significant Different at five percent significance level. Mangoes were stored at Polyethylene (PE) bags; PE + KMnO4; Polypropylene bags (PP); PP + KMnO4 and unpacked (Control) for three weeks. The physical properties of fruit such as weight loss and decay percentage were determined, while physiological properties such as the rate of respiration, ethylene production including ACCO activity. Inactivation of ACCO occurred to almost half-time of its activity in mango stored at MAS as compared to unpacked mango. Therefore, paralleled the rate of respiration and production of ethylene at MAS leads to extend the storage life of mangoes. Weight loss and decay percentage of mango kept in MAS for 3 weeks were lower than unpacked. Page(s): 97-103 Date of Publication: 10 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121011

The tribo-mechanical evaluation of epoxy/periwinkle particulate composites was investigated. Periwinkle shell particles were used as reinforcement in the epoxy matrix. 3 to 9wt% periwinkle particles at intervals of 3wt% were added to the epoxy as reinforcement. Themicrostructural examination of the epoxy/periwinkle particulate composites was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical, physical and wear properties were carried out by standard methods equipment. The highest density was observed for the epoxy matrix at 1.76g/cm3 and the least for 9wt% composites at 1.52g/cm3, the highest water absorption was observed in the matrix at 1.5% and the least with 9wt% composites at 1.18%.The 9wt% composites had the highest hardness value at 76.4HV while the epoxy matrix had the least hardness at 39.8HV, the highest tensile result was observed in the 9wt% composite with a value 304 N/mm2 while the least value was observed with a value of 287 N/mm2 for the epoxy matrix. The microstructure of the composite is uniformly distributed and strong interfacial bonding occurred between the epoxy matrix and reinforcement; however agglomeration of particles were observed. The highest wear rate was observed in the epoxy matrix at 0.445mm3/m while the least wear rate was observed in 9wt% epoxy composite at 0.272 mm3/m.The development of the composite will contribute to knowledge helping to convert waste to wealth and reduce environmental pollution. The produced composites can be used in the production of plastic pipes for oil and gas industries. Page(s): 104-110 Date of Publication: 10 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121012

During dry season, there is a serious deficiency of water supply in and around Dhaka city. The residents suffer a great extent during this period. On the other hand, during monsoon, there is abundance of water which is not used effectively and hence reaches the storm sewer system or a river. Rain water harvesting gives an opportunity to store rain water and to use the stored water later for different purposes. In Dhaka, 80% of the total supplied water comes from groundwater and remaining 20% comes from surface water. However, the population of Dhaka is increasing exponentially resulting in excessive pressure on ground water. The withdrawal of groundwater is taking place at a faster rate than recharge. The groundwater table in Dhaka city is declining at the rate of 3m annually. If this condition continues, very soon Dhaka city will face serious water crisis. In order to address this problem, in this study, rainwater harvesting has been looked into as a sustainable solution. More specifically, a community-based approach was considered. Aresidential community was considered for designing rainwater harvesting system. It was observed even though the harvested rainwater doesn’t meet the full domestic demand but provides significant supplementary support during monsoon season. Community based rainwater harvesting also have the potential to decrease the seasonal flooding in the urban areas. It was observed that rainwater fulfil up to 39% of household water demand in this thesis building Page(s): 111-119 Date of Publication: 16 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121013

This study examined how a performance auditor affected employee productivity at Zenith Bank in Abuja, Nigeria. The target population of the study was the eighty-eight (88) employees of Zenith Bank in Abuja. The research used a census survey. The study used first-hand information. The main data collection instrument was a questionnaire. Regression and correlation analyses were used to analyze the data, and the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS 21) were used to evaluate the developed hypotheses. Tables and simple percentages were used to present the raw data extracted from the primary source. According to the study, employee training has a large and positive impact on employee productivity, while performance comments and performance awards had no impact on the dependent variables. According to the beta coefficient, the performance feedback had the highest beta value with a value of 0.698. In summary, the study concludes that performance bonuses have a positive impact on the productivity of Zenith Banks in Abuja. The study also concludes that good performance rewards at Zenith Bank are critical to increasing employee productivity and organizational success. The finding of the study was that employee training significantly influences employee productivity at Zenith Bank Plc. in Abuja. Page(s): 120-135 Date of Publication: 19 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121014

Social media as the name implies has been a medium of social interactions, information dissemination and communications in our world today. In other words, it is a computer-based technology that makes it easier to communicate ideas, opinions, and facts by forming important networks and organizations. As such, its importance has been hugely harnessed in education sector for information sharing, searching and social interaction among university students.However, its usage among students may have negative impact on their academic performances. Therefore, this study tried to find out the impact of the variables; social media usage time and study time on the academic performance of Nigerian students using Two-way Crossed Classification. A sampling survey strategy was adopted to get a representative of our target population of university students from which we inferred our findings for the entire population under study. To achieve this, a google form comprising of ten questions of which two of the questions were provided on a five-point Likert scale, with the five possibilities being strongly disagree, disagree, strongly agree, agree, and neutral was developed. The study revealed that spending time on social media alone is not sufficient to adversely affect a student’s academic performance. It also says the same for time spent studying. That means that these two factors when acting alone do not affect a student’s academic performance either positively or negatively. Now, this does not entirely imply that social media usage time cannot affect students’ performance or that spending time studying has no part to play in students’ performing well or poorly but at the 95% confidence level i.e., a significance level of 5% these factors have no individual significant contribution to students’ academic performance. Page(s): 136-147 Date of Publication: 20 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121015

This study reveals the reduction of uncertainty in the interpersonal relations of Batak and Javanese students in Yogyakarta. The character differences between the Batak and Javanese people are strongly influenced by language, culture, and habits. The Batak people have a violent character, are temperamental, rude, and speak at a loud volume. In addition, they also have a character that is firm, honest, open, and does not beat around the bush. As for the Javanese, they have a character that upholds the philosophy that a person's self-esteem depends on speech and language so everyone must take care of what they say. The theory used in this study is uncertainty reduction from Berger and Calabrese. This study used descriptive qualitative methods, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, informants were determined using purposive sampling techniques, validity testing used source triangulation, and data were analyzed through several stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results of the data findings obtained an illustration that each pair of informants had a different process of reducing uncertainty. The pair of informants AW and KS is more significant in reducing uncertainty than the pair of informants LD and LF. Factors that influence the significance include the existence of socialization skills and the number of meetings between LD and LF, gender equality, and experience similarities between AW and KS. Page(s): 148-159 Date of Publication: 21 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121016

Peptic ulcer disease is one of the most common chronic infections in human population. Regardless of centuries of research, it still worries a lot of individuals, especially in the third world countries. Expressive investigation on the pervasiveness and impact of peptic ulcer was carried out among two hundred (200) undergraduate students in Federal University Wukari and Kwararafa University Wukari, Taraba State, North East, Nigeria with the use of well-designed and detailed questionnaires. These studies showed that majority of the students were between the ages of 21-25 years (108) representing (54%) and ages between 31 – 35 years has the lowest 8(4%). One hundred and three (103) of the 200 students reported to have ulcer (51.5%) whereas 97 (48.5%) of the total students reported no ulcer. Preponderance of the students have duodenal ulcer 67 (65%) whereas 36 (35%) has gastric ulcer and this gives ratio of approximately 2:1 respectively. The students reported the use of antacids 40 (39%), antibiotics 30 (29%), proton pump inhibitors (PPI) 8(9%), herbal medicine 18 (18%) and histamine 7 (7%) in the treatment of peptic ulcer, some students however, reported the used of mixed treatment. Conclusively, this study shed light on the prevalence of peptic ulcer (gastric and duodenal). Eliminating or reducing the drinking of alcohols if possible and helping the ulcer to heal with medication. Medications for treatment of ulcer include antibiotic medications to kill H. pylori. Also lessening of acid producing foods and drinks should be shunned. Avoiding tobacco products,caution with aspirin, non- ignoring ulcer symptoms, protect one from infections by washing hands regularly and consuming foods that have been cooked thoroughly are sure ways of preventing peptic ulcer. Page(s): 160-165 Date of Publication: 22 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121017

The Study presents improving science teachers level of use of Activity-Based approach in the teaching of Integrated Science in Secondary Schools in western senatorial district of Kogi State. All the fifty Integrated Science Teachers from twelve Junior Secondary Schools in Kogi West were used. Three research questions guided the study. Integrated science teachers awareness questionnaire (ISTAQ) was employed. The result shows that the level of awareness of the teachers was very low. It was then recommended that Activity based method of teaching should be given adequate attention and popularized in teachers education programmes. The findings are discussed with relevant recommendations made. Page(s): 166-169 Date of Publication: 23 November 2023 DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.121018