Solid-State Vs Lithium-Ion Batteries in Evs: A Performance and Safety Perspective

Abstract: In recent years, the global trend toward vehicle electrification has emerged as a crucial effort to combat climate change and meet carbon emission reduction targets. At the center of this transformation, electric vehicle (EV) batteries play a decisive role from energy efficiency and range to operational safety. Although lithium-ion (Li-ion) technology currently dominates the market, various challenges such as the risk of thermal runaway, limited cycle life, and reduced durability at extreme temperatures are driving the search for alternative battery technologies. Solid-state batteries (SSB) have emerged as a cutting-edge solution by replacing flammable liquid electrolytes with solid electrolyte materials. This model is expected to offer higher energy density, superior thermal stability, and longer lifespan. This study conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) using the PRISMA framework to select and analyze 16 journal articles published between 2020 and 2025 that compared SSBs and Li-ion batteries based on two main dimensions: safety (RQ1) and vehicle performance (RQ2). The analysis results indicate that SSBs consistently exhibit better safety profiles, thanks to the presence of non-flammable solid electrolytes, structures that prevent the formation of lithium metal dendrites, and the ability to withstand high temperatures without significant degradation. In terms of performance, SSB also excels through high ionic conductivity enabling fast charging rates a cycle life exceeding 1,900 cycles at 60°C, and performance stability across extreme temperature ranges. Meanwhile, traditional Li-ion batteries still require material modifications such as the addition of graphene or lithium iron phosphate to enhance durability and charging speed. These findings collectively confirm that solid-state batteries not only address safety challenges but also enhance the durability and operational efficiency of electric vehicles. Therefore, accelerating the development and adoption of SSB technology is expected to be a strategic step toward achieving safer, more reliable, and sustainable electric mobility.

Solid-State Battery, Lithium-Ion Battery, Electric Vehicle, Battery Safety and Performance

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