A Review on RIS-Assisted RoFSO Systems Over Málaga-M Turbulence for Smart City Applications

Abstract: Radio-over-Free-Space Optics (RoFSO) systems have emerged as a promising solution to address the growing demand for high-capacity and flexible wireless communications in smart city environments. RIS-assisted RoFSO systems offer a compelling solution to the communication challenges inherent in smart city applications. By leveraging the reflective and reconfigurable capabilities of intelligent surfaces, these systems can overcome the traditional LOS limitations and significantly mitigate the adverse effects of atmospheric turbulence, as accurately modeled by the Málaga-M distribution. The demonstrated improvements in outage probability, channel capacity, and bit error rate highlight their potential to provide reliable, high-speed, and flexible wireless connectivity in dense urban environments. However, the performance of RoFSO links is significantly affected by atmospheric turbulence. The Málaga-M distribution has gained prominence as a comprehensive model to capture a wide range of turbulence conditions. Recent advancements in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) offer a new dimension to mitigating the limitations of FSO channels. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the integration of RIS with RoFSO systems over Málaga-M fading, focusing on their applicability in smart city deployments.

telecommunications and wireless systems

1. Ndjiongue, A.R., et al., Performance analysis of RIS-based nT-FSO link over GG turbulence with pointing errors. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.03654, 2021. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Ansari, I.S., F. Yilmaz, and M.-S. Alouini, Performance analysis of free-space optical links over málaga ($mathcal {M} $) turbulence channels with pointing errors. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2015. 15(1): p. 91-102. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Jurado-Navas, A., et al., Impact of pointing errors on the performance of generalized atmospheric optical channels. Optics Express, 2012. 20(11): p. 12550-12562. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Kaminow, I., T. Li, and A.E. Willner, Optical fiber telecommunications volume VIB: systems and networks. 2013: Academic Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Andrews, L.C. and R.L. Phillips, Laser beam propagation through random media. Laser Beam Propagation Through Random Media: Second Edition, 2005. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Hemmati, H., Deep space optical communications. 2006: John Wiley & Sons. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Ishimaru, A., Wave propagation and scattering in random media. Vol. 2. 1978: Academic press New York. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Zhu, X. and J.M. Kahn, Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Transactions on communications, 2002. 50(8): p. 1293-1300. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Popoola, W.O. and Z. Ghassemlooy, BPSK subcarrier intensity modulated free-space optical communications in atmospheric turbulence. Journal of Lightwave technology, 2009. 27(8): p. 967-973. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Kiasaleh, K., Performance of APD-based, PPM free-space optical communication systems in atmospheric turbulence. IEEE transactions on communications, 2005. 53(9): p. 1455-1461. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Aghajanzadeh, S.M. and M. Uysal, Multi-hop coherent free-space optical communications over atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2011. 59(6): p. 1657-1663. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Popoola, W.O., et al., Free-space optical communication employing subcarrier modulation and spatial diversity in atmospheric turbulence channel. IET optoelectronics, 2008. 2(1): p. 16-23. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Moradi, H., H. Refai, and P. LoPresti, Switch-and-stay and switch-and-examine dual diversity for high-speed free-space optics links. IET optoelectronics, 2012. 6(1): p. 34-42. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Cheng, M., et al., Inverse Gaussian gamma distribution model for turbulence-induced fading in free-space optical communication. Applied Optics, 2018. 57(12): p. 3031-3037. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Tang, X., et al., Multihop free-space optical communications over turbulence channels with pointing errors using heterodyne detection. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2014. 32(15): p. 2597-2604. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Jurado-Navas, A., et al., A unifying statistical model for atmospheric optical scintillation. Numerical simulations of physical and engineering processes, 2011. 181(8): p. 181-205. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Nistazakis, H., et al., BER estimation for multi-hop RoFSO QAM or PSK OFDM communication systems over gamma gamma or exponentially modeled turbulence channels. Optics & Laser Technology, 2014. 64: p. 106-112. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Dabiri, M.T., M.J. Saber, and S.M.S. Sadough. BER performance of OFDM-based wireless services over radio-on-FSO links in the presence of turbulence and pointing errors. in 2016 8th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST). 2016. IEEE. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Kumar, A. and P. Krishnan, RoFSO system based on BCH and RS coded BPSK OFDM for 5G applications in smart cities. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2022. 54(1): p. 18. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. El Saghir, B.M., M.B. El Mashade, and A.M. Aboshosha, Performance analysis of MRR FSO communication system under Gamma–Gamma turbulence channel with pointing error. Optics Communications, 2021. 489: p. 126891. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Wang, Z., et al., Performance comparison of different modulation formats over free-space optical (FSO) turbulence links with space diversity reception technique. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2009. 1(6): p. 277-285. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Petković, M. and G. Djordjević, Average BER of dual-branch FSO system employing sim-bpsk influenced by Malaga atmospheric turbulence with pointing errors. environment, 2017. 1: p. 3. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Arya, S. and Y.H. Chung, A unified statistical model for Málaga distributed optical scattering communications. Optics Communications, 2020. 463: p. 125402. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Wang, J.-Y., et al., Outage analysis for relay-aided free-space optical communications over turbulence channels with nonzero boresight pointing errors. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2014. 6(4): p. 1-15. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Wang, H., et al., Performance analysis of multi-branch reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-assisted optical wireless communication system in environment with obstacles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2021. 70(10): p. 9986-10001. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Kumar, A. and P. Krishnan, Performance analysis of RoFSO links with spatial diversity over combined channel model for 5G in smart city applications. Optics Communications, 2020. 466: p. 125600. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Samimi, H. and M. Uysal, Performance of coherent differential phase-shift keying free-space optical communication systems in M-distributed turbulence. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 2013. 5(7): p. 704-710. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Jurado-Navas, A., et al., General analytical expressions for the bit error rate of atmospheric optical communication systems. Optics letters, 2011. 36(20): p. 4095-4097. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Nistazakis, H., et al., QAM and PSK OFDM RoFSO Over $ M $-Turbulence induced fading channels. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2014. 7(1): p. 1-11. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Krishnan, P., U. Jana, and B. Kanekal Ashokkumar, Asymptotic bit‐error rate analysis of quadrature amplitude modulation and phase‐shift keying with OFDM RoFSO over M turbulence in the presence of pointing errors. IET Communications, 2018. 12(16): p. 2046-2051. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Yang, L., et al., Free-space optical communication with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.00547, 2020. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Wang, H., et al., Performance of wireless optical communication with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and random obstacles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.05715, 2020. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Wang, R.-r., et al., Average bit error rate performance analysis of subcarrier intensity modulated MRC and EGC FSO systems with dual branches over M distribution turbulence channels. Optoelectronics Letters, 2015. 11(4): p. 281-285. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. ElMossallamy, M.A., et al., Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for wireless communications: Principles, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 2020. 6(3): p. 990-1002. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Atapattu, S., et al., Reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted two–way communications: Performance analysis and optimization. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2020. 68(10): p. 6552-6567. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Basar, E., Reconfigurable intelligent surface-based index modulation: A new beyond MIMO paradigm for 6G. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2020. 68(5): p. 3187-3196. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Wu, Q., et al., Intelligent reflecting surface-aided wireless communications: A tutorial. IEEE transactions on communications, 2021. 69(5): p. 3313-3351. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Basar, E. and H.V. Poor, Present and future of reconfigurable intelligent surface-empowered communications [perspectives]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2021. 38(6): p. 146-152. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Ndjiongue, A.R., et al., Design of a power amplifying-RIS for free-space optical communication systems. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2022. 28(6): p. 152-159. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Di Renzo, M., et al., Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: How it works, state of research, and the road ahead. IEEE journal on selected areas in communications, 2020. 38(11): p. 2450-2525. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Basar, E., et al., Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE access, 2019. 7: p. 116753-116773. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Tang, W., et al., Wireless communications with reconfigurable intelligent surface: Path loss modeling and experimental measurement. IEEE transactions on wireless communications, 2020. 20(1): p. 421-439. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Yuan, Y., et al., Potential key technologies for 6G mobile communications. Science China Information Sciences, 2020. 63(8): p. 183301. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Arbabi, A., et al., Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission. Nature nanotechnology, 2015. 10(11): p. 937-943. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Najafi, M., et al., Physics-based modeling and scalable optimization of large intelligent reflecting surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2020. 69(4): p. 2673-2691. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Kochkina, E., et al., Modeling of the general astigmatic Gaussian beam and its propagation through 3D optical systems. Applied optics, 2013. 52(24): p. 6030-6040. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Najafi, M. and R. Schober. Intelligent reflecting surfaces for free space optical communications. in 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). 2019. IEEE. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Cao, Z., et al., Reconfigurable beam system for non-line-of-sight free-space optical communication. Light: Science & Applications, 2019. 8(1): p. 69. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Abdelhady, A.M.A., et al. VLC via intelligent reflecting surfaces: Metasurfaces vs mirror arrays. 2020. Submitted to IEEE. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Yang, L., et al., On the performance of RIS-assisted dual-hop UAV communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2020. 69(9): p. 10385-10390. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Yang, L., et al., Accurate closed-form approximations to channel distributions of RIS-aided wireless systems. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 2020. 9(11): p. 1985-1989. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Yang, L., et al., Secrecy performance analysis of RIS-aided wireless communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2020. 69(10): p. 12296-12300. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Yang, L., et al., Coverage, probability of SNR gain, and DOR analysis of RIS-aided communication systems. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 2020. 9(8): p. 1268-1272. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Najafi, M., B. Schmauss, and R. Schober, Intelligent reflecting surfaces for free space optical communication systems. IEEE transactions on communications, 2021. 69(9): p. 6134-6151. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Ndjiongue, A.R., et al., Symbolic Meta-Modeling of RIS-Assisted FSO Communication Channels. Authorea Preprints, 2023. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Ndjiongue, A.R., et al., Toward the use of re-configurable intelligent surfaces in VLC systems: Beam steering. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2021. 28(3): p. 156-162. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Ndjiongue, A.R., et al., Re-configurable intelligent surface-based VLC receivers using tunable liquid-crystals: The concept. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2021. 39(10): p. 3193-3200. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Abdelhady, A.M., et al., Visible light communications via intelligent reflecting surfaces: Metasurfaces vs mirror arrays. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2020. 2: p. 1-20. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Ndjiongue, A.R., et al., Analysis of RIS-based terrestrial-FSO link over GG turbulence with distance and jitter ratios. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2021. 39(21): p. 6746-6758. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Ajam, H., et al., Modeling and design of IRS-assisted multilink FSO systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2022. 70(5): p. 3333-3349. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Most Advanced Construction Material for Typical Boilers
• Nutrigenetic Impact of PEMT Gene Polymorphism Rs7946 On Choline Metabolism and Its Role in Personalised Nutrition
• Evaluating the Influence Factors of Media on Investor Sentiment Towards Stock Market Investments.
• To Compare the Effectiveness of Manual Traction and Mechanical Traction in Patient with Cervicogenic Headache
• Is Green Human Resource Management the Newest Trend or A Strategic Necessity?