Eco-Friendly Multistage Treatment of Dairy Wastewater Using Natural Coagulants: Mechanisms, Performance Evaluation, and Future Perspectives-A Review
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
The dairy industry is one of the major agro-based sectors contributing significantly to global wastewater generation. Dairy effluent is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter, suspended solids, fats, and nutrients, resulting in elevated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Conventional treatment methods using chemical coagulants such as alum and ferric salts are widely employed; however, these methods are associated with drawbacks including high sludge production, residual toxicity, and increased operational costs. In recent years, natural coagulants derived from plant-based materials, biopolymers, and agro-wastes have emerged as sustainable alternatives due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and economic feasibility. This review critically examines the characteristics of dairy wastewater, mechanisms of coagulation, and the performance of various natural coagulants. Furthermore, their integration into multistage treatment systems and future prospects for large-scale applications are discussed, highlighting their potential for sustainable wastewater management.
Downloads
References
Abdel-Shafy, H. I., Mansour, M. S., and Aly, R. O. (2019). Egyptian Journal of Chemistry.
Abidin, Z. Z., Madehi, N., Sobri, S., and Abd Rahman, N. (2020). Water Science and Technology, 82, 456–465.
Ahmad, A. L., Wong, S. S., Teng, T. T., and Zuhairi, A. (2018). Separation and Purification Technology, 197, 176–185.
Ahmad, M., Khan, Z., and Ali, S. (2021). Journal of Environmental Management, 287, 112345.
Ahmad, T., Ahmad, K., and Alam, M. (2019). Journal of Environmental Management, 252, 109678.
Ahmed, S., Rasul, M. G., and Brown, R. (2020). Environmental Technology, 41, 123–134.
Ali, I., Asim, M., and Khan, T. A. (2021). Journal of Molecular Liquids, 334, 116–125.
Asrafuzzaman, M., Fakhruddin, A. N. M., and Hossain, M. A. (2017). International Journal of Environmental Science, 12, 45–52.
Beltrán-Heredia, J., Sánchez-Martín, J., and Solera-Hernández, C. (2019). Chemical Engineering Communications, 206, 123–135.
Bhatia, S., Othman, Z., and Ahmad, A. L. (2018). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6, 5122–5130.
Bolto, B., and Gregory, J. (2017). Water Research, 115, 1–15.
Bratby, J. (2016). Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment. IWA Publishing, London.
Chen, G. (2004). Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Water Research, 38, 2911–2928.
Chen, H., Wang, J., and Li, X. (2021). Water Science and Technology, 83, 1234–1245.
Chen, Z., Liu, Y., and Wang, X. (2024). Journal of Cleaner Production.
Choy, S. Y., Prasad, K. M. N., Wu, T. Y., and Raghunandan, M. E. (2017). Journal of Environmental Sciences, 59, 123–132.
Crini, G., and Badot, P. M. (2018). Progress in Polymer Science, 33, 399–447.
Das, S., Mishra, J., and Kumar, A. (2023). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 45678–45690.
Demirel, B., Yenigun, O., and Onay, T. (2018). Process Biochemistry, 64, 91–102.
Devi, R., Singh, S., and Kumar, A. (2022). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering.
Dotto, G. L., McKay, G., and Lima, E. C. (2019). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7, 103–110.
Edzwald, J. K. (2017). Water Quality and Treatment. American Water Works Association, Denver.
Garcia-Fayos, B., Arnal, J. M., and Sancho, M. (2021). Chemical Engineering Journal, 403, 126295.
Ghernaout, D. (2020). Applied Water Science, 10, 1–12.
Ghernaout, D. (2021). Applied Water Science, 11, 1–15.
Gregory, J. (2018). Particles in Water: Properties and Processes. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Gupta, V. K., Ali, I., and Saleh, T. A. (2019). Chemical Engineering Journal, 370, 394–410.
Hasan, M., Ahmad, A. L., and Ismail, S. (2021). Carbohydrate Polymers, 251, 117–125.
Islam, M. S., Rahman, M. M., and Karim, M. R. (2021). Journal of Water Process Engineering, 41, 102064.
Katayon, S., Noor, M. J. M. M., Asma, M., Ghani, L. A. A., Thamer, A. M., Azni, I., Ahmad, J., Khor, B. C., and Suleyman, A. M. (2018). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 344, 120–130.
Khan, M. I., Gao, Y., and Zhang, M. (2022). Water Research, 213, 118123.
Kumar, A., Singh, P., and Verma, R. (2022). Sustainable Chemistry, 3, 100–110.
Kumar, R., Singh, P., and Sharma, V. (2023). Journal of Cleaner Production, 382, 135412.
Kumar, S., Singh, R., and Kumar, A. (2021). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 403, 123456.
Kurniawan, S. B., Abdullah, S. R. S., and Imron, M. F. (2020). Environmental Technology and Innovation, 19, 100–110.
Kushwaha, J. P., Srivastava, V. C., and Mall, I. D. (2020). Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120841.
Li, X., Zhang, Y., and Wang, H. (2020). Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120832.
Liu, Y., Wang, H., and Zhang, L. (2020). Chemosphere, 250, 126–135.
Lopes, A., Silva, M., and Costa, R. (2021). Research, Society and Development, 10, e123456.
Mehta, D., Sharma, S., and Gupta,R. (2021). Bioresource Technology, 326, 124–132.
Mishra, L., Singh, A., and Kumar, S. (2022). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 456.
Mohd Salleh, S. N., Ismail, A. F., and Rahman, M. A. (2019). Journal of Water Process Engineering, 30, 100567.
Muthuraman, G., and Sasikala, S. (2018). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 117, 1010–1020.
Nabbou, N., Haddoum, S., and Boukhalfa, N. (2020). Bioresource Technology Reports, 10, 100415.
Ndabigengesere, A., and Narasiah, K. S. (2017). Water Research, 116, 1–12.
Nguyen, T. A., Fu, C. C., and Juang, R. S. (2020). Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 153, 123–132.
Okuda, T., Baes, A. U., Nishijima, W., and Okada, M. (2017). Water Research, 114, 302–310.
Ong, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., and Masjuki, H. H. (2020). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 120, 109662.
Patel, H., Vashi, R., and Shah, D. (2020). Environmental Research, 186, 109–118.
Rachmawati, N., Abdullah, S., and Prasetyo, D. (2019). Environmental Engineering Science, 36, 789–798.
Rani, S., Sharma, R., and Gupta, P. (2023). Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
Rinaudo, M. (2019). Progress in Polymer Science, 31, 603–632.
Roy, S., Chakraborty, S., and Bhattacharya, P. (2021). Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123–135.
Saleem, M., and Bachmann, R. T. (2019). Water Research, 149, 285–302.
Shan, T. C., Al Matar, M., Makky, E. A., and Ali, E. N. (2017). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5, 3458–3468.
Sharma, P., Singh, R., and Verma, A. (2019). Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17, 789–799.
Singh, P., Kumar, R., and Singh, V. (2021). Environmental Technology and Innovation, 22, 101354.
Singh, R., Kumar, S., and Tiwari, D. (2019). Water Research, 160, 123–135.
Teh, C. Y., Budiman, P. M., Shak, K. P. Y., and Wu, T. Y. (2016). Chemical Engineering Journal, 307, 1117–1125.
Verlicchi, P., Al Aukidy, M., and Zambello, E. (2019). Science of the Total Environment, 650, 285–300.
Verma, A., Dash, R. R., and Bhunia, P. (2018). Journal of Environmental Management, 217, 1–14.
Vijayaraghavan, K., Ahmad, D., and Lee, Y. S. (2020). Biotechnology Advances, 40, 107500.
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., and Chen, H. (2020). Environmental Technology Reviews, 9, 200–212.
Wang, L., Zhang, X., and Liu, Y. (2022). Environmental Research, 204, 112345.
Yin, C. Y. (2018). Desalination and Water Treatment, 110, 1–12.
Zaman, A., Shahid, M., and Khan, M. (2020). Environmental Technology Reviews, 9, 1–15.
Zhang, X., Li, Y., and Chen, G. (2021). Journal of Cleaner Production, 290, 125678.
Zhang, Y., Li, X., and Wang, H. (2023). Environmental Technology and Innovation, 30, 102675.
Zhao, Y., Liu, X., and Chen, J. (2022). Environmental Technology and Innovation, 27, 102449.
Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., and Wang, J. (2022). Water Research, 210, 117–126.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in our journal are licensed under CC-BY 4.0, which permits authors to retain copyright of their work. This license allows for unrestricted use, sharing, and reproduction of the articles, provided that proper credit is given to the original authors and the source.