00
Days
00
Hrs
00
Min
00
Sec
Submit Your Paper

Machine Learning-Based Multi-Cancer Diagnostic System for Early Detection and Accurate Classification Across Diverse Cancer Types

Authors

Sakshi Singh

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Deva Road, Lucknow (IN)

Saurav Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Deva Road, Lucknow (IN)

Yusuf Perwej

Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Deva Road, Lucknow (IN)

Nikhat Akhtar

Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Goel Institute of Technology & Management, Lucknow (IN)

Article Information

DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600180

Subject Category: Learning-Based

Volume/Issue: 15/6 | Page No: 2474-2486

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-07-20

Published: 2026-07-20

Abstract

Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide, mostly owing to late discovery and hence restricted treatment choices. Existing screening approaches are primarily invasive and often associated with complicated, long and expensive procedures. In biomedicine and bioinformatics, several research groups have examined the use of machine learning methods to solve the important challenge of categorizing cancer patients into high- and low-risk categories. These methodologies have thus been used to mimic the onset and treatment of cancer. The ability of ML algorithms to detect important characteristics in complex datasets further highlights their importance. Many of these approaches like as Decision Trees, Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines and K-Nearest Neighbours have been widely employed in cancer research to generate prediction models that aid decision makers to make better and more trustworthy decisions. ML methods are indeed able to improve our understanding of cancer formation, but need adequate validation to be regarded for application in ordinary clinical practice. Hence, an ML approach was utilized to simulate the progression of cancer. The prediction models shown here are based on several ML approaches and a broad variety of input features and Data Samples. The proposed framework incorporates data preprocessing, feature selection, and advanced classification algorithms to enhance diagnostic accuracy and facilitate timely clinical decision-making. The study emphasizes the potential of artificial intelligence in advancing precision oncology and improving healthcare outcomes.

Keywords

Machine Learning, Kaggle Multi Cancer Dataset, Predictive Models, Cancer Disease, Medical Images, Classification.

Downloads

References

1. Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.;Wagle, N.S.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2023, 73, 17–48. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Yabroff, K.R.; Bradley, C.J.; Mariotto, A.B.; Brown, M.L.; Feuer, E.J. Estimates and projections of value of life lost from cancer deaths in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2021, 7, 1446–1454. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Allemani, C.; Matsuda, T.; Di Carlo, V.; Harewood, R.; Matz, M.; Nikši´c, M.; Bonaventure, A.; Valkov, M.; Johnson, C.J.; Estève, J.; et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): Analysis of individual records for 37,513,025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet 2018, 391, 1023–1075. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Y. Perwej, “The Bidirectional Long-Short-Term Memory Neural Network based Word Retrieval for Arabic Documents”, Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (TMLAI), which is published by Society for Science and Education, United Kingdom (UK), ISSN 2054-7390, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 16 - 27, 2015, DOI: 10.14738/tmlai.31.863 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Society, A.C.; Facts, C. Cancer Facts & Figures 2023. Available online: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/ all-cancer-facts-figures.html (accessed on 31 August 2024). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Y. Perwej, Firoj Parwej, Nikhat Akhtar, “An Intelligent Cardiac Ailment Prediction Using Efficient ROCK Algorithm and K- Means & C4.5 Algorithm”, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science (EJERS), Bruxelles, Belgium, ISSN: 2506-8016 (Online), Vol. 3, No. 12, Pages 126 – 134, 2018, DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.989 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Y. Perwej, Mohammed Y. Alzahrani, F. A. Mazarbhuiya, Md. Husamuddin, “The State-of-the-Art Cardiac Illness Prediction Using Novel Data Mining Technique”, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology (IJESRT), ISSN: 2277-9655, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 725-739, 2018, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1184068 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Kim, J.J.; Burger, E.A.; Regan, C.; Sy, S. Screening for Cervical Cancer in Primary Care: A Decision Analysis for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018, 320, 706–714 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Y. Perwej, Asif Perwej, Firoj Parwej, “An Adaptive Watermarking Technique for the copyright of digital images and Digital Image Protection”, International journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA), which is published by Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC) , USA , Volume 4, No.2, Pages 21- 38, April 2012, DOI: 10.5121/ijma.2012.4202 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Y. Perwej, Firoj Parwej, Asif Perwej, “Copyright Protection of Digital Images Using Robust Watermarking Based on Joint DLT and DWT”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research (IJSER), France, ISSN 2229-5518, Volume 3, Issue 6, Pages 1- 9, 2012 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Meenakshi Rani, Elturabi Osman Ahmed, Yusuf Perwej, S V Anil kumar, Dr.Venkatesan Hariram, “A Comprehensive Framework for IoT, AI, and Machine Learning in Healthcare Analytics”, Nanotechnology Perceptions, ISSN 1660-6795, E-ISSN:2235-2074, Collegium Basilea, Switzerland, SCOPUS, Volume 20, S 14, Pages 2118-2131, 4 November 2024, DOI: 10.62441/nano-ntp.vi.3072 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. N. Akhtar, H. Pant, Apoorva Dwivedi, Vivek Jain, Y. Perwej, “A Breast Cancer Diagnosis Framework Based on Machine Learning”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 118-132, May-June-2023, DOI: 10.32628/IJSRSET2310375 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Smith, R.A.; Andrews, K.S.; Brooks, D.; Fedewa, S.A.; Manassaram-Baptiste, D.; Saslow, D.; Brawley, O.W.; Wender, R.C. Cancer screening in the United States, 2018: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 297–316 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Heitzer, E.; Haque, I.S.; Roberts, C.E.S.; Speicher, M.R. Current and future perspectives of liquid biopsies in genomics-driven oncology. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2019, 20, 71–88. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Brito-Rocha, T.; Constâncio, V.; Henrique, R.; Jerónimo, C. Shifting the Cancer Screening Paradigm: The Rising Potential of Blood-Based Multi-Cancer Early Detection Tests. Cells 2023, 12, 935. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Wan, J.C.M.; Massie, C.; Garcia-Corbacho, J.; Mouliere, F.; Brenton, J.D.; Caldas, C.; Pacey, S.; Baird, R.; Rosenfeld, N. Liquid biopsies come of age: Towards implementation of circulating tumour DNA. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2017, 17, 223–238 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Shweta Pandey, Rohit Agarwal, Sachin Bhardwaj, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Y. Perwej, Niraj Kumar Singh, “A Review of Current Perspective and Propensity in Reinforcement Learning (RL) in an Orderly Manner”, the International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJSRCSEIT), Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages 206-227, 2023, DOI: 10.32628/CSEIT2390147 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Kajal, Kanchan Saini, N. Akhtar, Devendra Agarwal, Ms. Sana Rabbani, Y. Perwej, “Machine Learning for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic Illnesses”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), Print ISSN: 2395- 1990 , Online ISSN : 2394-4099, Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 112-122, May-June -2024, DOI: 10.32628/IJSRSET24113100 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Mohit Gupta, Yusuf Perwej, “The Role of OpenCV in Enhancing Brain Tumor Image Segmentation: A Review of Recent Developments and Challenges”, International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), ISSN: 2320-2882, Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 347 -353, June 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Mohit Gupta, Yusuf Perwej, “Brain Tumour Detection Image Segmentation Using OpenCV”, International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), ISSN: 2320-2882, Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 292 - 301, June 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Na, L., Qi, E., Xu, M., Bo, G., Gui-Qiu, L.: A novel intelligent classification model for breast cancer diagnosis. Information Processing and Management, Elsevier, pp. 609-623(2019). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Nawel, Z., Nabiha, A., Nilanjan, D., and Mokhtar, S.: Adaptive Semi Supervised Support Vector Machine Semi Supervised Learning with Features Cooperation for Breast Cancer Classification. Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, American scientific publisher, pp. 53-62(2016). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Abdulkader, H., John, B. I., Rahib, H.A.: Machine learning [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. techniques for classification of breast tissue. In: 9th International Conference on Theory and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perception, ICSCCW, pp. 402-410. Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier. Budapest, Hungary (2017). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Haifeng, W., Bichen, Z., Sang, W.Y., Hoo, S. K.: A Support Vector Machine-Based Ensemble Algorithm for Breast Cancer Diagnosis. European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, pp. 1-33 (2017) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. R. Priyadarshini, Naim Shaikh, Rakesh Kumar Godi, Yusuf Perwej, P.K. Dhal, Rajeev Sharma, “IoT-Based Power Control Systems Framework for Healthcare Applications”, Measurement: Sensors, ELSEVIER, ScienceDirect, SCIE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, ISSN 2665-9174, Volume 25, Pages 1-6, January 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.measen.2022.100660 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. N. Akhtar, Hemlata Pant, Apoorva Dwivedi, Vivek Jain, Y. Perwej, “A Breast Cancer Diagnosis Framework Based on Machine Learning”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), Print ISSN: 2395-1990, Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 118-132, 2023, DOI: 10.32628/IJSRSET2310375 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Apoorva Dwivedi, Basant Ballabh Dumka, Nikhat Akhtar, Ms Farah Shan, Yusuf Perwej, “Tropical Convolutional Neural Networks (TCNNs) Based Methods for Breast Cancer Diagnosis”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (IJSRST), Print ISSN: 2395-6011, Online ISSN: 2395-602X, Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 1100 -1116, 2023, DOI: 10.32628/IJSRST523103183 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Chao Zhang,Xing Sun, Kang Dang et all “Toward an Expert Level of Lung Cancer Detection and Classification Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network”,The Oncologist,2019 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. N. Akhtar, Nazia Tabassum, Dr. Asif Perwej, Y. Perwej,“ Data Analytics and Visualization Using Tableau Utilitarian for COVID-19 (Coronavirus)”, Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances (GJETA), Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 28-50, 2020, DOI: 10.30574/gjeta.2020.3.2.0029 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. J. Wang, C.J. Wu, M.L. Bao, J. Zhang, X.N. Wang, Y.D. Zhang Machine learning-based analysis of MR radiomics can help to improve the diagnostic performance of PI-RADS v2 in clinically relevant prostate cancer Eur. Radiol., 27 (10) (2017), pp. 4082-4090 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. S. Liu, H. Zheng, Y. Feng, W. Li Prostate cancer diagnosis using deep learning with 3D multiparametric MRI Medical Imaging 2017: Computer-Aided Diagnosis, vol. 10134, International Society for Optics and Photonics (2017), p. 1013428 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Y. Perwej, “An Optimal Approach to Edge Detection Using Fuzzy Rule and Sobel Method”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE), ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765, ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875, Volume 4, Issue 11, Pages 9161-9179, 2015, DOI: 10.15662/IJAREEIE.2015.0411054 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Mahmoud AbouGhaly, Nikhat Akhtar, Elturabi Osman Ahmed, Sunny Kumar, Yusuf Perwej, Ratna Kumari Tamma, “Internet of Things Based Devices Designed for Pediatric Therapy to Improve Mobility and Engagement in Children with Cerebral Palsy”, Journal of Neonatal Surgery (JNS), SCOPUS, ISSN: 2226-0439 (Online), Volume 14, Issue S9, Pages 443 - 451, March 2025, DOI: 10.52783/jns.v14.2695 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. X. Wang, W. Yang, J. Weinreb, J. Han, Q. Li, X. Kong, et al. Searching for prostate cancer by fully automated magnetic resonance imaging classification: deep learning versus non-deep learning Sci. Rep., 7 (1) (2017), p. 15415 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Y. Tsehay, N. Lay, X. Wang, J.T. Kwak, B. Turkbey, P. Choyke, et al. Biopsy-guided learning with deep convolutional neural networks for Prostate Cancer detection on multiparametric MRI 2017 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017), IEEE (2017), pp. 642-645 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Sunny Kumar, Apoorva Dwivedi, Dr. Yusuf Perwej, Moazzam Haidari, Siddharth Singh, Dr. Nagarajan Gurusamy, “A Smart IoT-Image Processing System for Real-Time Skin Cancer Detection ”, Journal of Neonatal Surgery (JNS), SCOPUS, ISSN: 2226-0439 (Online), Volume 14, Issue S14, Pages 823-831, April 2025, DOI: 10.52783/jns.v14.4330 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Gök, M.; Heideman, D.A.M.; van Kemenade, F.J.; Berkhof, J.; Rozendaal, L.; Spruyt, J.W.M.; Voorhorst, F.; Beliën, J.A.M.; Babović, M.; Snijders, P.J.F.; et al. HPV testing on self collected cervicovaginal lavage specimens as screening method for women who do not attend cervical screening: Cohort study. BMJ 2010, 340, c1040 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Hina Rabbani, Sana Rabbani, Dr. Yusuf Perwej, Saurav Kumar, Dr. Nikhat Akhtar, “AI-Driven Enhancement of Diabetes Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Techniques”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 757 - 763, June 2025, DOI: 10.6084/m9.jetir. JETIR2506297 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. JK Pandey, SK Verma, J Kumar, Y. Perwej, SK Jha, “Ttransformative Role of Advanced Neural Computation in Clinical Image Diagnostics: A Review of Key Concepts and Applications”, Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI, Volume 47, Issue 3, 2026, DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2026.06.010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Hina Rabbani, Sana Rabbani, Dr. Yusuf Perwej, Saurav Kumar, Dr. Nikhat Akhtar, “AI-Driven Enhancement of Diabetes Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Techniques”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 757 - 763, June 2025, DOI: 10.6084/m9.jetir. JETIR2506297 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Farheen Siddiqui, Sarvesh Kumar, Dr. Yusuf Perwej, Ankit Shukla, Dr. Nikhat Akhtar, “AI-Enhanced Diagnostic System for Reasonable Evaluation Breast Cancer”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJSRCSEIT), ISSN: 2456-3307, Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 816-830, May 2025, DOI: 10.32628/CSEIT25113349 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Anjali Yadav, Shruti Dwivedi, Anubhav Dwivedi, Ujjwal Thakur, Dr. Nikhat Akhtar, “Intelligent Disease Diagnosis: A Multi-Disease Prediction Approach Using Machine Learning”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), Print ISSN: 2395-1990, Online ISSN: 2394-4099, Volume 12, No. 3, Pages 98 -109, May 2025, DOI: 10.32628/IJSRSET251235 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Himanshu Srivastava, Drishti Tiwari, Prakhar Tripathi, Ramhit Sharma, Nikhat Akhtar, “A Data-Driven Approach to Multi-Cancer Detection Using Machines Learning”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Volume 12, Issue 5, Pages 181 - 189, May 2025, DOI: 10.6084/m9.jetir.JETIR2505617 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Yusuf Perwej, Prof. Pranati Waghodekar, Mrunal S. Bewoor, Mr. Siddharth Singh, Shubham Jaiswal, Akansh Garg, “Blockchain for Healthcare Management: Enhancing Data Security and Transparency”, South Eastern European Journal of Public Health, (SEEJPH), SCOPUS, ISSN: 2197 - 5248, Volume XXVI, Issue S1, Pages 1173–1184, January 2025, DOI: 10.70135/seejph.vi.3831 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Yusuf Perwej, Nikhat Akhtar, Devendra Agarwal, “The emerging technologies of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) current scenario, challenges, and opportunities”, Book Title“Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things for Industrial Automation”, SCOPUS,ISBN: 978-1-032-42844-4, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2024 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Link:https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003509240-1/emerging-technologiesartificial-intelligence-things-aiot-current-scenario-challenges-opportunities-yusuf-perwej-nikhatakhtar-devendra-agarwal?context=ubx&refId=537f1a8f-6a94-4439-b337-3ad3d1ce8845, DOI: 10.1201/9781003509240-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. N. Akhtar, Kumar Bibhuti B. Singh, Devendra Agarwal, Y. Perwej, “Improving Quality of Life with Emerging AI and IoT Based Healthcare Monitoring Systems”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJSRCSEIT), ISSN: 2456-3307, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 96-107, January 2025, DOI: 10.32628/CSEIT2514551 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Neha Kulshrestha, N. Akhtar, Y. Perwej, “Deep Learning Models for Object Recognition and Quality Surveillance”, Accepted International Conference on Emerging Trends in IoT and Computing Technologies (ICEICT-2022), ISBN 978-10324-852-49, SCOPUS, Routledge, Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, Chapter 75, pages 508-518, Goel Institute of Technology & Management, 2022, DOI: 10.1201/9781003350057-75 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Olusola, P.; Banerjee, H.N.; Philley, J.V.; Dasgupta, S. Human Papilloma Virus-Associated Cervical Cancer and Health Disparities. Cells 2019, 8, 622. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Stelzle, D.; Tanaka, L.F.; Lee, K.K.; Ibrahim Khalil, A.; Baussano, I.; Shah, A.S.V.; McAllister, D.A.; Gottlieb, S.L.; Klug, S.J.; Winkler, A.S.; et al. Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV. Lancet Glob. Health 2021, 9, e161–e169 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. N. Akhtar, Saima Rahman, Halima Sadia, Yusuf Perwej, “A Holistic Analysis of Medical Internet of Things (MIoT)”, Journal of Information and Computational Science (JOICS), ISSN: 1548 - 7741, SCOPUS, Volume 11, Issue 4, Pages 209 - 222, 2021, DOI: 10.12733/JICS.2021/V11I3.535569.31023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Y. Perwej, Shaikh Abdul Hannan, Firoj Parwej, Nikhat Akhtar, “A Posteriori Perusal of Mobile Computing”, International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research (IJCATR), ATS (Association of Technology and Science), India, ISSN 2319–8656 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 9, Pages 569 - 578, 2014, DOI: 10.7753/IJCATR0309.1008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Y. Perwej, “Unsupervised Feature Learning for Text Pattern Analysis with Emotional Data Collection: A Novel System for Big Data Analytics”, IEEE International Conference on Advanced computing Technologies & Applications (ICACTA'22), SCOPUS, IEEE No: #54488 ISBN No Xplore: 978-1-6654-9515-8, Coimbatore, India, 2022, DOI: 10.1109/ICACTA54488.2022.9753501 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Ankit Shukla, Farheen Siddiqui, Yusuf Perwej, Sarvesh Kumar, Nikhat Akhtar, “An Intelligent Framework for Emotion Detection from Speech Signals”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 682 - 688, June 2025, DOI: 10.6084/m9.jetir.JETIR2506069 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Y. Perwej, “An Evaluation of Deep Learning Miniature Concerning in Soft Computing”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (IJARCCE), ISSN (Online): 2278-1021, ISSN (Print): 2319-5940, Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 10 - 16, 2015, DOI: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2015.4203 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Himanshu Srivastava, Drishti Tiwari, Prakhar Tripathi, Ramhit Sharma, Dr. Nikhat Akhtar, “A Data-Driven Approach to Multi-Cancer Detection Using Machines Learning”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Volume 12, Issue 5, Pages 181 - 189, May 2025, DOI: 10.6084/m9.jetir.JETIR2505617 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Bao, H.; Wang, Z.; Ma, X.; Guo, W.; Zhang, X.; Tang, W.; Chen, X.; Wang, X.; Chen, Y.; Mo, S.; et al. Letter to the Editor: Anultra-sensitive assay using cell-free DNA fragmentomics for multi-cancer early detection. Mol. Cancer 2022, 21, 129 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Saurav Kumar, Sakshi Singh, Yusuf Perwej, Nikhat Akhtar, “A Novel Evolutionary CNN-Driven Methodology for Detecting Deceptive News Content Across Digital Information Platforms”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Volume 13, Issue 5, Pages 132 - 143, May 2026, DOI: 10.6084/m9.jetir.JETIR582100 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Saurav Kumar, Sakshi Singh, Nikhat Akhtar, Yusuf Perwej, “A Data-Driven Machine Learning Framework for Early Detection and Accurate Diagnosis of Breast Cancer”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJSRCSEIT), Print ISSN - ISSN : 2456-3307 Online ISSN : 2394-4099, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages 268-283, May 2026, DOI: 10.32628/CSEIT26123315 https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/obulisainaren/multi-cancer [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Nicholson, B.D.; Oke, J.; Virdee, P.S.; Harris, D.A.; O‘Doherty, C.; Park, J.E.; Hamady, Z.; Sehgal, V.; Millar, A.; Medley, L.; et al. Multi-cancer early detection test in symptomatic patients referred for cancer investigation in England and Wales (SYMPLIFY): A large-scale, observational cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2023, 24, 733–743 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Moldovan, N.; van der Pol, Y.; Ende, T.v.D.; Boers, D.; Verkuijlen, S.; Creemers, A.; Ramaker, J.; Vu, T.; Bootsma, S.; Lenos, K.J.; et al. Multi-modal cell-free DNA genomic and fragmentomic patterns enhance cancer survival and recurrence analysis. Cell Rep. Med. 2024, 5, 10134 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles

© 2026 IJLTEMAS · RSIS International. All rights reserved. ISSN 2278-2540.