00
Days
00
Hrs
00
Min
00
Sec
Submit Your Paper

Formulating 2K High Performance, High Build, Solvent-Free Epoxy-Based Green Intumescent Coating.

Authors

Dr. Pankaj M. Vyas

Chemical Engineering Department - Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani - Dubai CampusSpraytek Coatings – Technical Manager -Head of R&D, https://www.spraytek-me.com/ P. O. Box 27356, Dubai - UAE. (United Arab Emirates)

Article Information

DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150700081

Subject Category: Chemical Engineering

Volume/Issue: 15/7 | Page No: 986-1017

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-07-31

Accepted: 2026-08-05

Published: 2026-08-13

Abstract

Traditional, epoxy passive fire-fighting intumescent or reactive coatings have been used by the industry for a very long time. They are used to safeguard expensive industrial assets like storage tank farms, onshore and offshore oil drilling platform rigs, LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) installations, pipelines carrying highly flammable materials, steel buildings, refineries, petrochemical processing facilities, and chemical and fertilizer manufacturing facilities. These conventional coatings are less effective at preventing fires and emit more VOCs (volatile organic compounds), which limits their ability to successfully protect these expensive assets. The demand for products produced by the oil, gas, and petrochemical industries is soaring. These products need to be stored according to strict fire safety regulations since they are so highly flammable. Here, an effort is made to develop a green intumescent coating that is epoxy-based. In order to produce a synergistically better performance in the coating, we integrate innovative inorganic minerals and nanofillers, additives like graphene, CNTs (Carbon Nano Tubes), and embedded carbon fiber mats in our studies. By using, heavy duty priming, base coats such as 2K inorganic zinc silicate and epoxy zinc phosphate, this is improved even more. These coatings systems offer steel surfaces barrier protection against hydrocarbon and jet fires that are common in petrochemical sectors, as well as thermal insulation. One of the new experimental items that was created, which included embedded C (Carbon)-fiber matt and CNTs, produced significantly better results in terms of both char generation and bare steel protection. In numerous experiments, it was determined to be the best.

Keywords

2K, two components - Base and Hardner, high build, "green" -pollution-free, VOC-volatile organic contents, intumescent coating.

Downloads

References

1. Thirumal Mariappan, Recent developments of intumescent fire protection coatings for structural steel: A review, Journal of Fire Sciences 1–44, Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav jfs.sagepub.com vol. 34 – Issue -34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904115626720 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Thirumal Mariappan, New Technologies in Protective Coatings - Fire Retardant Coatings - Chapter-6, FROM THE EDITED VOLUME -New Technologies in Protective Coatings, Edited by Carlos Giudice and Guadalupe Canos https://www.intechopen.com/books/5827, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67675 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Aggie Lotz, An Overview of Intumescent Coatings- Highlights from IPPIC’s (The International Paint and Printing Ink Council), Publication, Global market analysis for Paint and Coatings Industry (2015-2020), The ChemQuesat Group Inc. Coatings Tech I 2018. https://www.paint.org/coatingstech-magazine/articles/overview-intumescent-coatings/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Ravindra G. Puri & A. S. Khanna, Intumescent coatings: A review on recent progress-Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Volume 14, pages1–20 (2017) DOI- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-016-9815-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Pestereva, L., et al. “Intumescent Type Fire Retardant Epoxy Coating.” Materials Science Forum, vol. 992, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., May 2020, pp. 605–609. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.992.605 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. A-PhD. Thesis Report by Jermy CIRET to University Lille-I Science & Technologies. Investigation of Intumescent Coatings for Fire protection- Application to Jet Fire- A-PhD. Thesis Report by Jermy CIRET to University Lille-I Science & Technologies [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Michael Aamodt, Alan Guy, and Raouf Kattan, Solvent-Free Epoxy Coatings—A Common Universal definition- Solvent-Free Epoxy Coatings—A Common Universal Definition (materialsperformance.com) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Lucherini A. and Maluk C. “Intumescent coatings used for the fire-safe design of steel structures: A review”. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 162, no. 105712, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105712 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143974X19301099 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Allen Zielnik, Atlas Material Testing Technology LLC, Fighting Fire with Fire Protectives, Modern intumescent have advanced significantly in both fire performance and aesthetics. From an ebook, FIRE RESISTIVE COATINGS, D+D Technology Publishing Company 2100 Wharton Street, Suite 310 Pittsburgh, PA 15203 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Matt Ghiji, Paul Joseph, Maurice Guerrieri, Some recent developments and testing strategies relating to the passive fire protection of concrete using intumescent coatings: a review-, Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1108/JSFE-11-2021-0069 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. A Report by Technology (Water-based, Solvent-based, Epoxy-based), By Application (Hydrocarbon, Cellulosic), By End-Use (Construction), By Region And Segment Forecasts, 2022 – 2030. Intumescent Coatings Market Size, Share and Trends Analysis, Report ID: 978-1-68038-475-8 /Number of Pages: 159 /Format: Electronic (PDF).- https://lnkd.in/dcB2mkVj https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/epoxy-coating-market-size-share-industry-trends-forecast-khatode/: [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. N. Amir, F. Ahmad and P.S.M. Megat- Yusoff-Study on the Fiber Reinforced Epoxy-based Intumescent Coating Formulations and their Char Characteristics- Jjournal of Applied Sciences, 11: 1678-1687. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2011.1678.1687 URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jas.2011.1678.1687 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. N. Amir, W.M.S.W. Othman, and F. Ahmad, - Fire Resistance Properties of Ceramic Wool Fiber Reinforced Intumescent Coatings, Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1669, 020062 (2015); Published by the American Institute of Physics: AIP Conference Proceedings 1669, 020062 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4919200 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Triantafyllidis, Zafeirios, Structural enhancements with fibre- reinforced epoxy intumescent coatings- URI – http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29514 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Balbinder K. Kandola, Piyanuch Luangtriratana, Sophie Duquesne and Serge Bourbigot- The Effects of Thermophysical Properties and Environmental Conditions on Fire Performance of Intumescent Coatings on Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites (mdpi.com)- doi:10.3390/ma8085216 Materials 2015, 8, 5216-5237; doi:10.3390/ma8085216 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. PUBLISHED -JULY 5, 2018 2:30 AM BY THE MARITIME EXECUTIVE – THE [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL FOR LEADERS-https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/july-6-1988-the-piper-alpha-disasterJuly 6, 1988: The Piper Alpha Disaster (maritime-executive.com) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. G. A. Chamberlain, Shell Global Solutions, OTC 14132 Controlling Hydrocarbon Fires in Offshore Structures G. A. Chamberlain, Shell Global Solutions, Copyright 2002, Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas U.S.A., 6–9 May 2002. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. The world’s worst offshore oil rig disasters -1 June 2019 (Last Updated December 10th, 2020 04:42) https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/feature-the-worlds-deadliest-offshore-oil-rig-disasters-4149812/Deadliest Fires or Explosions in the World – Excluding bombings and wartime attacks -NFPA- Report [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Data-research-and-tools/US-Fire-Problem/Catastrophic-multiple-death-fires/Deadliest-fires-or-explosions-in-the-world [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Sources: C:\Users\user\Desktop\FIRE STATISICS- DATA-Pictures- Videos- New folder\Topic 10_ ONGC Mumbai High Accident (July 27, 2005 @ West Coast of India) _ iMechanica.html- Mumbai High Field - Offshore Technology (offshore-technology.com) https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/the-leading-causes-of-drilling-rig-disasters/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Hydrocarbon EAPFP- European Association for Passive Fire Protection - https://eapfp.com/hydrocarbon/#:~:text [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Health and Safety Executive-H S E, Offshore Oil and Gas, Jet Fires https://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/strategy/jet.htm [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Laboratories – Jet Fire Testing https://www.appluslaboratories.com/global/en/what-we-do/service-sheet/jet-fire-testing [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Jing Han Beh, Ming Chian Yew, Lip Huat Saw and Ming Kun Yew, Article Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Coating Using Novel Bio Ash for Steel - Coatings 2020, 10, 1117; doi:10.3390/coatings1011111 coatings-10-01117-v2 (5).pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. A.I. Arogundade, F. Ahmad, A.H. Bhat, Q.F. Gillani, P.S.M.B. Megat- Yuso Investigating the Synergistic Effect of Bauxsol™ in an Epoxy Intumescent, Coating System., Procedia Engineering 148 (2016) 223 – 227, ScienceDirect, Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.579 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. M.Jimenez, S. Duquesne, Bourbigot- Characterization of the performance of an intumescent fire protective coating, Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 201, Issues 3–4, 5 October 2006, Pages 979-987, ELSEVIER, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.01.026 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Sami Ullah, Faiz Ahmad, Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi, Mohammed Ali Assiri, Muhammad Rafi Raza, Ahmad Irfan, Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent fire-retardant coating, , Journal of Applied Polymer Science Volume138, Issue17, May 5, 2021 – 50310 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50310 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Donatella de Silva, Iolanda Nuzzo, Emidio Nigro and Antonio Occhiuzzi- Review Intumescent Coatings for Fire Resistance of Steel Structures: Current Approaches for Qualification and Design, Coatings 2022, 12, 696. -MDPI -, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050696 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. RRUFF Project - Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 E 4th, Tucson, AZ, USA.85721-0077 RRUFF Project https://rruff.info/about/about_general.php https://rruff.info/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Rios, Carlos & Williams, Craig. (2010). Hydrothermal transformation of kaolinite in the system K2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O. Dyna. 77. no.163 Medellin July/ Sept. (2010). (PDF) Hydrothermal transformation of kaolinite in the system K2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O (researchgate.net) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Leandro Fernandes, Rafael Salomãoa, Preparation and Characterization of Mullite-Alumina Structures Formed "In Situ" from Calcined Alumina and Different Grades of Synthetic Amorphous Silica, Materials Research. 2018; 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2017-0783 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Niraj Singh Mehta, Praveen Kumar Sahu, Pankaj Tripathi, Ram Pyare, Manas R. Majhia, Influence of alumina and silica addition on the physico-mechanical and dielectric behavior of ceramic porcelain insulator at high sintering temperature, Spanish Society of Ceramics and Glass, Volume 57, Issue 4, July–August 2018, pp 151-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.bsecv.2017.11.002 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. R. St. C. Smart, Minerals, Ceramics and Glasses: Chapter- In Surface Analysis Methods in Materials Science [second edition], Springer Series in Surface Sciences book series (SSSUR, volume 23), pp377-403. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-05227-3_16 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05227-3_16 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Raimonda Kubiliute, Rimvydas Kaminskas, The Pozzolanic Activity of Calcined Clay - Silica Gel Composites, Materials Science, Vol. 19, No. 4. 2013. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.4.2300 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. The Quartz Page: The Silica Group, Overview of Silica Polymorphs, http://www.quartzpage.de/, Accessed 21 Feb.2021. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. B. D. Cullity, Elements of X-RAY DIFFRACTION, Second edition, 1978, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. https://archive.org/details/elementsofxraydi030864mbp/page/n7/mode/2up [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Gwénaël Gouadec and Philippe Colomban, Raman Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials: How Spectra Relate to Disorder, Particle Size and Mechanical properties-https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2007.01.001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Brittani D. McNamee and Mickey E. Gunter, Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy Laboratory Manual, Published by Mineralogical Society of America, 2014. https://msaweb.org/mineralogy-and-optical/ https://msaweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/McNamee_Gunter_Lab_Manual.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Zhen Hua Sun, Huiquan Li, Weijun Bao, ChenyeWang, Mineral phase transition of desilicated high alumina fly ash with alumina extraction in mixed alkali solution, Elsevier, International Journal of Mineral Processing-Volume 153, 10 August 2016, pp 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.05.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Mullite Ceramic Properties, ACCURATUS Ceramic Corporation, New Jersey, USA, https://www.accuratus.com/mullite.html, Accessed 21 Feb. (2022). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Chen Ling, Rudong Zhou, et al, Solvent-free flexible epoxy intumescent fire-retardant coatings, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 21 (5) 1591–1603, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-024-00918-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Prasan Chaisaenrith, Phoomphat Taksakulvith, Sorapong Pavasupree, Effect of nano titanium dioxide in intumescent fireproof coating on thermal performance and char morphology, Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 3462–3467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.461, ELSEVIER, ScienceDirect. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Kaur Jesbains, Ahmad Faiz, Yussof Megat P.S.M and Ullah Sami-Mechanical Engineering Department, University Technology PETRONAS, Bandar Sri Iskandar, The Study of Bonding Mechanism of Expandable Graphite based Intumescent Coating, Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol.15 (2) June (2011) file:///C:/Users/techn/Desktop/401-405_ThestudyofBonding.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Ullah Sami, Ahmad Faiz and Megat-Yusoff P.S.M., The Effect on Expansion and Thermal degradation of 63um Expandable Graphite on Intumescent fire-retardant coating composition, Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol.15 (2) June (2011) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277305993_The_Effect_on_Expansion_and_Ther mal_degradation_of_63um_Expandable_Graphite_on_Intumescent_fire_retardant_coating http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/6182 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Zhao, Wei Ling et al. “Synthesis of a novel PEPA-substituted polyphosphoramide with high char residues and its performance as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resins.” Polymer Degradation and Stability 118 (2015): 120-129. journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/polydegstab http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.02 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Lianghui Ai, Shanshan Chen, Jinming Zeng, Liu Yang, and Ping Liu, Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Boron and Magnesium Hydroxide, ACS Omega 2019, 4, 3314−3321, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03333 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Tentu Nageswara Rao, Imad Hussain, Ji Eun Lee, Akshay Kumar and Bon Heun Koo, Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings, Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3464; doi:10.3390/app9173464, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Nana Tiana, Jiang Gonga, b, Xin Wena, Kun Yaoa, b and TaoTanga , Synthesis and characterization of a novel organophosphorus oligomer and its application in improving flame retardancy of epoxy resin ,Royal Society of Chemistry , RSC Advances DOI: 10.1039/c0xx00000x C4RA01525H (rsc.org) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. W. Farhan M., Faiz Ahmad, Sami Ullah, Effects of inorganic fillers on Thermal performance and char morphology of Intumescent fire-retardant coating, Asian Journal of Scientific Research-2013, ISSN 1992-1454, DOI: 10.3923/ajsr.2013.263.271 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Sami Ullah| Faiz Ahmad | Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi | Mohammed Ali Assiri | Muhammad Rafi Raza | Ahmad Irfan, Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent fire-retardant coating – J Appl Polym Sci. 2020; e50310. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/app © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC 1 of 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Sami Ullah , Faiz Ahmad -Effects of zirconium silicate reinforcement on expandable graphite based intumescent fire retardant coating , Polymer Degradation and Stability 103 (2014) 49- 62, www.elsevier.com/locate/polydegstab - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.01 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Harri Junaedi , Muneer Baig , Abdulsattar Dawood , Essam Albahkali and Abdulhakim Almajid-Mechanical and Physical Properties of Short Carbon Fiber and Nanofiller-Reinforced Polypropylene Hybrid Nanocomposites , Polymers 2020, 12, 2851; doi:10.3390/polym12122851, www.mdpi.com/journal/polpolymers [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Muting WuORCID, Wei Song, Yuzhang Wu and Wei Qu ,Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Retardant Decorated Plywood Based on the Intumescent Flame Retardant Adhesive, Materials 2020, 13(3), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030676 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. P F – PRODUCTS FINISHING-Phosphate Conversion Coatings -Published 9/29/2011,Types of phosphate conversion coatings, how to apply them, and their specific functions. #basics, https://www.pfonline.com/articles/phosphate-conversion-coatings [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Jiang-Jhy Chang, Wei-Chung Yeih, Kuo-Lien Chen, Maochieh Chi - ZINC-RICH LITHIUM SILICATE COATINGS FOR CORROSION PREVENTION IN STEELS (ntou.edu.tw)- - Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 259-267 (2017)-DOI: 10.6119/JMST-016-1214-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Meng Low, Hani Manssor Albetran, Michael Degiorgio, Structural Characterization of Commercial Graphite and Graphene Materials, Journal of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials- Research Article- DOI: https://doi.org/10.33696/Nanotechnol.1.005 https://www.scientificarchives.com/journal/journal-of-nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Hana Vaškova, Vojtěch Křesalek, Quasi real-time monitoring of epoxy resin crosslinking via Raman microscopy, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND METHODS IN APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 7, Volume 5, 2011 www.researchgate.net/publication/228901440_Raman_spectroscopy_as_an_innovative_method_for_material_identification file:///C:/Users/techn/Downloads/17-120.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Minghui Fang, Jun Qian, Xuezhi Wang, Zhong Chen, Ruilin Guo, and Yifeng Shi, Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin, ACS Omega 2021, 6, 7094−7105, https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00076 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Hung-Yin Tsai, Wei-Hsuan Hsu, and Ying-Chen Huang, Characterization of Carbon Nanotube/Graphene on Carbon Cloth as an Electrode for Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells, Journal of Nanomaterials, Volume 2015, Article ID 686891, 7 pages, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/686891 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. YaChao Wang, Gongfan Tang, JiangPing Zhao, Yujiu Han, Effect of flaky graphite with different particle sizes on flame resistance of intumescent flame-retardant coating, Results in Materials -Volume 5, March 2020, 100061 -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2020.100061: [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Annexure -A - Information on the source and grades of some of the significant raw materials utilized in the experiments [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles

© 2026 IJLTEMAS · RSIS International. All rights reserved. ISSN 2278-2540.