The Role of Technology in Facilitating Virtual Sexual Offences and Its Pyschological Impact on Its Victims | IJLTEMAS
00
Days
00
Hrs
00
Min
00
Sec
Submit Your Paper

The Role of Technology in Facilitating Virtual Sexual Offences and Its Pyschological Impact on Its Victims

Authors

Samiksha Sameer Morje

Kristu Jayanti Deemed to be University, India (IN)

Alby Roy

Kristu Jayanti Deemed to be University, India (IN)

Sanjana S

Kristu Jayanti Deemed to be University, India (IN)

Prof. Don Caeiro

Kristu Jayanti Deemed to be University, India (IN)

Article Information

DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1407000080

Subject Category: Cyber forensics and psychology

Volume/Issue: 14/7 | Page No: 681-688

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2025-08-11

Published: 2025-08-11

Abstract

Abstract: Since the victim and perpetrator do not need to be in close proximity to one another, virtual sexual offenses have been on the rise for decades. Technology, on the other hand, is making these offenses easier through a variety of platforms, as the current study notes. People of all ages use social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, and others, which can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Furthermore, shedding more light on the drawbacks of virtual platforms, it is noted that there are many different ways that criminals target their victims and continue to abuse them. Ordinary people who are assaulted experience psychological effects and many traumas. The case study cited in this research provides a brief idea respectively. The paper compares real-world experiences and virtual world assumptions in online activities, highlighting minor loopholes used by criminals. Victims experience traumatic issues in virtual sexual offenses, similar to real-life assaults. Medical diagnoses show a thin line between mental impacts and real-life assaults. The paper emphasizes the need for law enforcement agencies to consider legal impacts and equip their teams to resolve crimes effectively. Strict regulations, education, and technological solutions are needed to combat virtual sexual offenses, including content bans, respectful relationships, outreach programs, AI tools, and mental health impacts.

Keywords

Virtual Environment, Virtual Sexual Offences, Exploitation, Technology Facilitated Crimes, Psychological Impact, Digital Anonymity

Downloads

References

1. aifs.gov.au. (n.d.). The role of emerging communication technologies in experiences of sexual violence. [online] Available at: https://aifs.gov.au/research/research-reports/role-emerging-communication-technologies-experiences-sexual-violence. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Andalibi, N., Haimson, O.L., Choudhury, M.D. and Forte, A. (2018). Social Support, Reciprocity, and Anonymity in Responses to Sexual Abuse Disclosures on Social Media. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 25(5), pp.1–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1145/3234942. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Babchishin, K.M., Hanson, R.K. and VanZuylen, H. (2014). Online Child Pornography Offenders are Different: A Meta-analysis of the Characteristics of Online and Offline Sex Offenders Against Children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, [online] 44(1), pp.45–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0270-x. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bach, M.H., Beck Hansen, N., Ahrens, C., Nielsen, C.R., Walshe, C. and Hansen, M. (2021). Underserved survivors of sexual assault: a systematic scoping review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1895516. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Bailey, J., Henry, N. and Flynn, A., 2021. Technology-facilitated violence and abuse: International perspectives and experiences. In The Emerald international handbook of technology-facilitated violence and abuse (pp. 1-17). Emerald Publishing Limited. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Blackman, T. (2022). Virtual reality and videogames: immersion, presence, and the performative spatiality of ‘being there’ in virtual worlds. Social & Cultural Geography, 25(3), pp.1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2022.2157041. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Chawki, M., Basu, S. and Choi, K.-S. (2024). Redefining Boundaries in the Metaverse: Navigating the Challenges of Virtual Harm and User Safety. Laws, 13(3), p.33. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13030033. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Cho, S. (2022). Sexual Assault in Immersive Virtual Reality: Criminal Law Must Keep Up with Technology. [online] Harvard Undergraduate Law Review. Available at: https://hulr.org/spring-2022/sexual-assault-in-immersive-vr. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Christensen, L.S., Moritz, D. and Pearson, A. (2021). Psychological Perspectives of Virtual Child Sexual Abuse Material. Sexuality & Culture, 25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09820-1. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Cripps, J. and Stermac, L. (2018). Cyber-Sexual Violence and Negative Emotional States among Women in a Canadian University. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 12(1), pp.171–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1467891. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. DeGue, S., Valle, L.A., Holt, M.K., Massetti, G.M., Matjasko, J.L. and Tharp, A.T. (2014). A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), pp.346–362. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.004. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Drejer, C., Riegler, M.A., Halvorsen, P., Johnson, M.S. and Baugerud, G.A. (2023). Livestreaming Technology and Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Scoping Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(1), p.152483802211475. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221147564. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Fisico, R. and Harkins, L. (2021). Technology and Sexual Offending. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(9). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01269-1. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. George (2024). Virtual Violence: Legal and Psychological Ramifications of Sexual Assault in Virtual Reality Environments. Partners Universal International Innovation Journal, [online] 2(1), pp.96–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10651450. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Gilmore, A.K., Leone, R.M., Hahn, C.K., Oesterle, D.W. and Davidson, T.M. (2021). Barriers to Accessing Mental Health Care After a Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examination. Journal of Forensic Nursing, Publish Ahead of Print. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/jfn.0000000000000321. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Hanson, R.F. and Wallis, E., 2018. Treating victims of child sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(11), pp.1064-1070. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Henry, N. and Powell, A. (2016). Sexual Violence in the Digital Age. Social & Legal Studies, 25(4), pp.397–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663915624273. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Hillert, J., Lina Sophie Haubrock, Dekker, A. and Peer Briken (2024). Web-Based Initiatives to Prevent Sexual Offense Perpetration: A Systematic Review. Current psycchiatry reports/Current psychiatry reports, 26(4), pp.121–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01489-1. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Huff, C., Johnson, D.G. and Miller, K. (2003). Virtual harms and virtual responsibility: a rape in cyberspace. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/istas.2002.1013833. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Jadamba, J. and Kang, D. (2025). ‘There I was, being virtually groped’: Explore psychological ownership and the framing of sexual harassment in the immersive virtual reality space. Computers in Human Behavior, 165, p.108559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2025.108559. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Jeglic, E.L. and Calkins, C. (2016). Sexual Violence. Springer eBooks. Springer Nature. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44504-5. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Jurasz, O. and Barker, K. (2021). Sexual Violence in the Digital Age: A Criminal Law Conundrum? German Law Journal, 22(5), pp.784–799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.39. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Kim, H. (2023). The Current State and Legal Issues of Online Crimes Related to Children and Adolescents. soa.cheongsonyeonjeongsinuihak, 34(4), pp.222–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.230049. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Killean, R., McAlinden, A.-M. and Dowds, E. (2022). Sexual Violence in the Digital Age: Replicating and Augmenting Harm, Victimhood and Blame. Social & Legal Studies, 31(6), p.096466392210865. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/09646639221086592 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Krone, T., Smith, R.G., Cartwright, J., Hutchings, A., Tomison, A. and Napier, S., 2017. Online child sexual exploitation offenders: A study of Australian law enforcement data. Criminology Research Grants, 77, p.1213. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. McCartan, K.F. and McAlister, R. (2012). Mobile phone technology and sexual abuse. Information & Communications Technology Law, 21(3), pp.257–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2012.744223. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Merry, O.J. and Whitfield, K.C. (2024). The Landscape of Sexual Harm in the Video Game, Streaming, and Esports Community. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241271349. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. O’Keeffe, G.S. and Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Pediatrics, 127(4), pp.800–804. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Orchowski, L.M., Grocott, L., Bogen, K.W., Ilegbusi, A., Amstadter, A.B. and Nugent, N.R. (2022). Barriers to Reporting Sexual Violence: A Qualitative Analysis of #WhyIDidntReport. Violence Against Women, 28(14), p.107780122210924. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221092479. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Porta, C.M., Frerich, E.A., Hoffman, S., Bauer, S., Jain, V.M. and Bradley, C. (2024). Sexual Violence in Virtual Reality: A Scoping Review. Journal of Forensic Nursing, [online] 20(1), p.66. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JFN.0000000000000466. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Powell, A. and Henry, N. (2016). Policing technology-facilitated sexual violence against adult victims: police and service sector perspectives. Policing and Society, 28(3), pp.291–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1154964. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Price, M., Davidson, T.M., Ruggiero, K.J., Acierno, R. and Resnick, H.S. (2014). Predictors of Using Mental Health Services After Sexual Assault. Journal of Traumatic Stress, [online] 27(3), pp.331–337. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21915. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Price, S., McKillop, N., Scanlan, J., S. Rayment-McHugh, Christensen, L. and Prichard, J. (2024). A Review of Digital Interventions as Secondary Prevention Measures to Combat Online Child Sexual Abuse Perpetration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, pp.1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2024.2415549. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Quadara, A., Stathopoulos, M., Carson, C., Bilgic, S., Kaspiew, R., Romaniuk, H. and Dunstan, J., 2017. Pathways to support services for victim/survivors of child sexual abuse and their families. Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Retrieved June, 7(2023), pp.2022-06 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Quayle, E. (2020). Prevention, disruption and deterrence of online child sexual exploitation and abuse. ERA Forum, 21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00625-7. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Rowse, J., Mullane, S., Bassed, R. and Tully, J. (2021). Technology‐facilitated sexual assault in children and adolescents; is there a cause for concern? Fourteen years of experience at a metropolitan forensic paediatric medical service. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 58(3), pp.409–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15724. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Ryckman, L.F., Guerra, C. and Finch, A. (2020). Strategies to Prevent Online Sexual Abuse of Children. Social Science Protocols, 3, pp.1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.7565/ssp.2020.2808. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Salter, M. (2013). Justice and revenge in online counter-publics: Emerging responses to sexual violence in the age of social media. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 9(3), pp.225–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659013493918 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Sánchez-Jiménez, V., Arriba, M.L.R., Ortega-Rivera, J. and Muñoz-Fernández, N. (2024). Can Virtual Reality be Used for the Prevention of Peer Sexual Harassment in Adolescence? First Evaluation of the Virtual-PRO Program. Psychosocial Intervention, [online] 33(1), pp.29–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2024a1. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Senkbeil, K. (2025). Virtual spaces, real interactions - Analyzing communication in virtual reality. Language & Communication, 100, pp.212–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2024.12.004. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Singh, S. and Nambiar, V. (2024). Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Prevention of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Literature. Journal of applied security research, pp.1–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2024.2331885. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Strikwerda, L. (2014). Present and Future Instances of Virtual Rape in Light of Three Categories of Legal Philosophical Theories on Rape. Philosophy & Technology, 28(4), pp.491–510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-014-0167-6. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. Suhita, B.M., Ratih, N. and Priyanto, K.E., 2021. Psychological impact on victims of sexual violence: Literature review. STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 10(1), pp.1412-1423. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Syahda, A.W. and Angayar Kanni Ramaiah (2024). Sexual Violence in Virtual World: The Unaddressed Legal Protection Issue for Victims. Neoclassical Legal Review Journal of Law and Contemporary Issues, 2(2), pp.47–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.32734/nlr.v2i2.14057 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. The Amikus Qriae. (2022). ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN CONTEXT WITH SEXUAL VICTIMISATION - The Amikus Qriae. [online] Available at: https://theamikusqriae.com/role-of-social-media-in-context-with-sexual-victimisation/ [Accessed 30 Jan. 2025]. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. The Amikus Qriae. (2024). VIRTUAL REALITIES, REAL CONSEQUENCES: Understanding The Impact of Sexual Violence in Virtual Worlds - The Amikus Qriae. [online] Available at: https://theamikusqriae.com/virtual-realities-real-consequences-understanding-the-impact-of-sexual-violence-in-virtual-worlds/ [Accessed 30 Jan. 2025]. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Twenge, J.M. (2019). More Time on Technology, Less Happiness? Associations Between Digital-Media Use and Psychological Well-Being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4), pp.372–379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419838244. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Wall, D.S., 2017. Crime, security and information communication technologies: The changing cybersecurity threat landscape and its implications for regulation and policing. Security and Information Communication Technologies: The Changing Cybersecurity Threat Landscape and Its Implications for Regulation and Policing (July 20, 2017) [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Yin, Y., Zheng, P., Li, C. and Wang, L. (2023). A state-of-the-art survey on Augmented Reality-assisted Digital Twin for futuristic human-centric industry transformation. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 81, p.102515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2022.102515. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Yokotani, K. and Takano, M. (2022). Predicting cyber offenders and victims and their offense and damage time from routine chat times and online social network activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, p.107099. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107099. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Zhong, L.R., Kebbell, M.R. and Webster, J.L. (2020). An exploratory study of Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence in online romantic interactions: Can the Internet’s toxic disinhibition exacerbate sexual aggression? Computers in Human Behavior, 108, p.106314. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106314 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles

Engineering,
Management &
Applied Science
Journal
(IJLTEMAS)
Published by RSIS International
Tower B, Suncity Success Tower
Golf Course Ext Rd, Sector 65
Gurugram, Haryana 122101, India
© 2026 IJLTEMAS · RSIS International. Published under CC BY 4.0. ISSN 2278-2540.