Volume 13 Issue 5

Abstract: Tatabu reservoir water body was divided into three distinct sampling sites (Upper, Middle and Lower course). Three different sampling locations were established between each sampling site. The entire areas of each of the sampling plots were inventoried into details and the biological forms and spatial distributions of the aquatic macrophytes were noted, water and sediment samples were also collected for analysis and nutrient load. A total of 21 plant species belonging to 13 families were recorded during the low water regime while 24 plant species belonging to 14 families were recorded during the high water regime. The floristic biological life form of these plants consists of 17 emergent plant species, 5 floating and 2 submerged plant species during the low water regime while during the high water regime, there were14 emergent, 5 floating and 2 submerged macrophyte species. comparative studies of low and high water regime showed that the maccrophytic species composition during both water regimes were a bit similar. Nitrogen concentration (mg/l) in water samples ranges between 3.5 to 13.5 during the low water regime and 5.5-17.5 during high water regime, Phosphorous (mg/l) ranged between 2.8-15.7 and 2.7-17.5 during low and high water regime respectively. Potassium (mg/l) ranged between 3.5-14.0 and 3.0-16.5 during low and high water regime respectively. Nitrogen concentration (mg/l)in soil (sediments) samples ranges between 3.0 to 12.5 during low water regime and 3.0-6.0 during low and high water regime respectively, potassium (mg/kg) ranged between 3.0-12.5 and 3.0-13.5 during lowand high water regime respectively. Higher proliferation of aquatic macrophytes and more species were observed during the higher water regime than what was observed during the low water regime. This present study shows a dangerous trend in the rate at which invasive plants are colonizing the reservoir, it is therefore essential to monitor and manage the influx of these invasive plants in the reservoir, most especially typha spp, water lilly and other aquatic plants that can bore heavy financial loses.

This research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, involving various techniques, such as participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, to explore the adaptation phenomena of visually impaired individuals at the Technical Service Unit (UPT) for Social Rehabilitation for the Visually Impaired in Malang, Indonesia. The research findings indicate that their self-adjustment involves complexities arising from differences in abilities and individual conditions. The dynamics of social relations within the UPT also play a significant role in shaping their experiences and quality of life. The research findings highlight the need for holistic and inclusive efforts to understand and address emerging issues so that visually impaired individuals can develop their full potential in a supportive social context. Practical implications of this research include recommendations to enhance services and support for visually impaired individuals, while promoting social inclusion for them. These concrete steps are expected to contribute positively to the welfare and social potential development of visually impaired individuals in Indonesia and other countries.

Solar irradiance is the amount of light energy that the sun emits and reaches the earth. The Pyranometer app is used to gather sample data. This predictive model calculated the electricity a solar module generates based on solar irradiance. It can calculate the voltage, current, and power a solar module can produce from solar irradiance. The study used a developmental-evaluative design using simulation modeling created using Matlab® and Simulink®. The evaluation of the model's accuracy was confirmed on a parallel run with an existing renewable solar energy facility to assess functionality, performance, robustness, workmanship, and the overall recommendation of the model. Findings revealed promising results that the designed model could, with reliable accuracy, simulate a solar module's performance from a given amount of irradiance.

Outpatient care plays a crucial role in modern health care, often involving diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care outside of hospital settings. The complexity of outpatient care coupled with the need for efficient and accurate decision-making, makes expert system a valuable tool for healthcare providers. The system aimed at the development of an expert system that leverages in artificial intelligence and medical knowledge to assist healthcare professionals in diagnosis. Evaluating the system’s ability to provide timely and accurate treatment recommendations, analyzing the user-friendliness of the system’s interface for healthcare practitioners and optimizing workflow processes are also captured. A thorough system study and investigation were done and data collected via interview; analysis about the current system using document and data flow diagrams was carried out. The methodology adopted is Top Down Model approach. Data flow, Entity Relationship diagram, Laravel (which is a dynamic PhP frame work) were the tools used for the development of the software. This work’s finding underscores the potential of expert system to enhance outpatient healthcare by improving diagnostic accuracy and facilitating evidence-based treatment decision. Evaluation with target users depicted that the system is efficient and user friendly.

The strength analysis of Heat Treated Clay and Rice Husk Mixture was to ascertain the threshold temperature and the strength of the sample for construction work. The strength of the material was analysed to determine the threshold temperature to produce a satisfactory construction material from Rice Husk Ash and clay.  The materials used in this study include rice husk, clay, sieve shaker kiln, mould, muffle furnace, compression machine and Schmidt hammer. The rice husk was collected from the rice mill and dried under the sun and burnt in kiln at the temperature of 500o Celsius to 700o Celsius to become white grey and sieved with sieve shaker 15m to obtain smooth and fine ash and mixed with clay in different ratios of 500 : 500, 600 : 400, 700 : 300, 800 : 200 and 900 : 100 in grams, ash and clay respectively, and the mixture was introduced into moulds and was taken to unconfined compressive machine to determine the untrained strength and the stress-strain characteristic of the sample after that, the samples was left for four days to dry under room temperature and weigh before it was  heated in the furnace to ascertained the rate of water moisture in each of  the samples. From the furnace, the samples were reweighed to ascertained the water contain if at all there is, and at what rate.  Schmidt hammer was applied for impact test in mega paschal (Mpa) after heating. It was noticed that the mixture ratio of 900g ash: 100g clay gave the optimum strength for building and construction work. From the test results, compressive test sample E with the mixture of 900g ash and 100g clay shows that crushing load of 30.46Kn, strength of the material proves to be 3.33Nmm2, density of the material is 1245gm3, impact test result 22.7Mpa.

Due to their unique combination of properties, wood-plastic composites (WPC) have proven to be a promising alternative to conventional wood and plastic materials in various applications. This article provides a new insight into WPCs consisting of chipboard wood as matrix and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and poly vinyl trimtehoxy silane (PVTMS) as reinforcement. Overall, this paper highlights the significant advances and opportunities in the field of wood-polymer composites and their potential as sustainable, high-performance materials with a wide range of applications. Continuous research and development efforts are essential to further improve the properties and expand the use of WPC in various industries. In the manufacturing process, wood and thermoplastic polymers are blended together, often using additives and binders to improve compatibility and performance. The resulting composites have desirable properties, such as a high strength-to-weight ratio and the ability to be molded into complex shapes. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), flourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characteristics and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. As a result, the composite material sintered at 80 ℃ showed better mechanical behavior, with the compressive strength calculated to be 28.73 MPa.

This study aim to investigate the acceptance of PeduliLindungi in the community, specially people in Central of Balikpapan city who perform PCR and antigen tests for traveling. For analyzing data, this research used user experience questionnaire (UEQ) tools that consists of 26 questions. The 26 questions in the UEQ tools can be classified become six categories, those categories are: attractiveness, perpicuity, efficiency, dependability, stimulation and novelty. Respondents of this study is 44 people and the results show that attractiveness, perspicuity, efficiency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty have positive evaluation. Novelty in this study has the lowest value, it means that PeduliLindugi application lack of creativity. If compare with data in the bencmark of UEQ tool, the PeduliLindungi has value below average. 

This study examines the moderating role of supervisory support in the relationship between high-performance work systems (HPWS) and nurse service quality, mediated by career satisfaction. We used Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to look at the data from Likert-scale questionnaires filled out by 187 nurses from Tjitrowardojo General Hospital in Purworejo, Indonesia. Our findings reveal that HPWS significantly enhances nurse career satisfaction, which in turn positively affects service quality. Moreover, supervisory support not only directly contributes to improved service quality but also strengthens the impact of HPWS on career satisfaction and, indirectly, on service quality. The implications of these results suggest that hospitals can enhance service quality by fostering supportive supervisory relationships and implementing robust performance systems. These findings contribute to the existing literature by highlighting the crucial role of supervisory support in enhancing the effectiveness of performance systems within healthcare settings

The evolution of cloud computing is one of the major and recent developments in the computing world. Cutting-edge web technology applications have improved the manner in which business is conducted, allowing organizations to deliver business projects effectively. Microsoft SharePoint is an enterprise content management system that provides a collaborative platform for end users to design, monitor and execute business processes. It provides core functionality such as the ability to quickly undertake reporting, provision collaboration sites, and a sophisticated document repository featuring collaboration necessities. This study reviews the limitations of the current part setup workflow using email at Company XYZ, and also proposes workflow that improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the part setup workflow process using SharePoint. The creation of a SharePoint list including important features and fields, and managing the collaboration among the various shareholders involved in the whole process is discussed briefly along with screenshots. The benefits of SharePoint in the supply chain at Company XYZ is provided, also previous work done on SharePoint as an enabler collaboration is highlighted.

Correlation of the schlumberger array geoelectric logs interpreted from Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data acquired in Ekiti State University Campus with borehole litholigic logs from the same area was done with the aim of establishing a mathematical relationship between the two logs. The study area is located within the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria, where occurrence of groundwater is limited to specific localized and enclosed regions within the weathered or fractured zones. Therefore, thorough geophysical surveys before drilling become necessary. The availability of borehole data in this area reduces the risk of data interpretation errors and enables prediction through statistical analysis. The Vertical Electrical Sounding data acquired from five stations within the campus were processed and interpreted using WINRESIST interpretation software. The results from the 2-D interpretation of the VES data were used to prepare five geoelectric sections which were compared with the borehole litholigic logs obtained from the same VES points using regression analysis. Depth to bedrock from Geoelectric log was correlated with the depth to bedrock from Lithologic log. The correlation coefficient gave a positive value of 0.9, which indicated a high degree of correlation between the geoelectric log and the borehole logs. The regression analysis equation obtained was y = 1.14x + 2.48. The equation is useful in converting the geoelectric logs to drilling logs in any location within the study area.

A thorough examination of the role of radio frequency (RF) engineering is crucial for promoting sustainability in communications infrastructure. This review explores the complex interplay between environmental concerns in communication systems and RF engineering. It examines RF engineering approaches and strategies that support the design, implementation, and preservation of environmentally friendly infrastructure, including the integration of renewable energy sources into RF systems, and the prospects and challenges associated with employing RF technologies for fostering sustainable actions in the communications industry. The major findings revealed the importance of RF engineering as it relates to reducing carbon footprints, lowering energy consumption, and enabling environmental sustainability in communication networks. RF engineering is an essential driver of sustainability in the communications industry, considering that it supports the integration of renewable energy sources, optimization of power usage, and improvement of spectrum efficiency. Therefore, the adoption of eco-friendly practices and utilization of RF technological innovations can potentially support a more sustainable and greener digital ecosystem.

This study meticulously examines phishing attacks targeting Nigerian internet banking users. It delves into prevailing trends, methodologies, and the effectiveness of existing countermeasures. It also proposes robust, tailored security measures in the form of a conceptual model. Similarly, by analyzing the latest tools and techniques, the study emphasizes the need for adaptive and continuously learning anti-phishing systems. The outcomes aim to empower stakeholders in the Nigerian banking sector, including policymakers, financial institutions, and users, to combat the complex and evolving threats posed by phishing attacks.

Land use and land cover changes, mostly driven by anthropogenic activities, affect the processes of the water cycle. The impacts of land use (LU) and land cover (LC) changes between 1995 and 2015 on the surface runoff of the Hadejia River System (HRS) were investigated. The LULC changes obtained through re-classifications of selected Landsat satellite images and their effects on runoff peak discharges and volumes were assessed using selected hydrologic models for runoff generation and routing available within the HEC-HMS. Physically-based parameters of the models were estimated from the LULC change maps together with a digital elevation model and soil datasets of the basin. The simulated flows from the 90 sub-catchments were routed to the basin outlet afterwards to obtain the accrued effects in the entire river basin. Model results obtained generally revealed significant and varying increases in the runoff peak discharges and volumes within some sub-basins in the whole catchment, though the change was not significant at the basin outlet. In the sub-catchments within Kano and Jigawa states, increase between 15-20% and 10-15% were observed in the peak discharge respectively. These are the areas with the highest increase in agricultural activities and urbanization within the whole catchment.  In the entire basin, however, the flood peak discharges and volumes increased by at least 3.57% and 8.18% respectively. From these results, the study concludes that changes were more pronounced in Kano and Jigawa states due to the increase of urbanization and farming activities in those areas, leading to reduction of infiltration and hence, increase in surface runoff. The study successfully outlined the hydrological consequences of land cover changes, emphasizing the importance of sustainable land use and catchment management strategies. Hence, integration of remote sensing, GIS, and the hydrological model (HEC-HMS) can be used to solve hydrological problems in a river basin.

The study used a hermeneutic design and had a qualitative nature. The data was then subjected to a thematic analysis. The goal was to improve and elevate Zambian students' aptitude for solving linear programming problems. If all activities involved are monitored, students' ability to solve linear programming problems can be improved through the exploration of participatory action research and reciprocal teaching. The use of the approach can have an impact on how well students succeed when working together to solve linear programming word problems. In class, teachers observed their pupils at work, but during their combined sessions, they discuss the issues they were having as well as any misunderstandings that periodically surfaced. The findings showed that when students collaborate, their performance on linear programming assignments can increase dramatically. The benefits of cooperation are illustrated by the teacher reflections' participatory action research. According to the study, participatory action research is a useful teaching approach in educational contexts. The study found that using reciprocal teaching in secondary schools can increase students' proficiency with solving linear programming problems, which will improve student performance and lessen the workload for both teachers and students.

In the current era of rapid technological advancement, businesses must stay abreast of current trends to maintain competitive edge and ensure continued success. Prioritizing customer experience is paramount wherein showcasing a deep commitment to customer-oriented style is the differentiator. The modern marketing technologies give rise to intelligent conversational agents that has revolutionized customer engagement. As technology continues to shape the global business landscape, this study assessed the customer experience through their extent of interaction and challenges encountered in using artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots.Descriptive-quantitative research method was employed using validated survey questionnaire distributed to 258 locals from targeted respondents in the barangays of Las Pinas City who have experiences in interacting with AI-chatbots. The respondents were clustered to smaller groups who are knowledgeable about the topic, experienced using AI Chatbots by top e-commerce shops and are willing to participate. While AI chatbots have the potential to improve customer experience, their limitations and challenges must be addressed to ensure more effective and satisfying customer transactions.

Let x,yand z be non-negative integers. We solve the exponential Diophantine equation 2^x+1,245^y=z^2.  The result indicates that the equation has a unique solution,(x,y,z)=(3,0,3).

This paper examines the impact of computerized payroll systems on employee productivity, focusing on Babcock University Staff School. Drawing upon historical context, contemporary typologies, and challenges in adoption, it explores the relationship between these systems and productivity, satisfaction, and motivation. Using a cross-sectional survey design and statistical analysis, the study reveals a significant positive correlation between computerized payroll systems and employee outcomes. Recommendations include investing in training, considering organizational context, and prioritizing continuous improvement. Future research should explore long-term effects, user experience, organizational culture, emerging technologies, and comparative studies on different payroll systems.

This paper seeks ways to improve spectral efficiency (or throughput) while mitigating multi-user interferences for large-scale antenna arrays, massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) systems via the use of the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) precoding schemes. The impact of the power at the user equipment (UEs) being adjusted to meet the transmission power constraint of the BS otherwise known as power normalization on the performance of the single and multi-cell MMSE precoders (S-MMSE and M-MMSE) was studied. The choice of power normalization (matrix normalization or vector normalization) and how they can impact worse or better performances on S-MMSE and M-MMSE under three different channel estimates with respect to varying pilot reuse factors were simulated and analyzed. We considered a downlink mMIMO network model that accounts for the number of antennas and single-antenna UEs. Numerical results obtained after simulations depict that M-MMSE with vector normalization (VN) out-performs S-MMSE with vector/matrix normalization and M-MMSE with matrix normalization (MN) by having the highest average sum SE, throughput, and signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR/SNR) for any number of antennas and UEs in the three-channel estimators. LS channel estimator performs the least when compared to EW-MMSE and MMSE channel estimators.

The work analyzed the composition and other physiochemical properties of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG mixture available in Bangladesh by cylinder. LPG Composition (C2-C6), Butadiene, Total Sulfur, Cu Corrosion, Relative Density and Vapor Pressure were determined by respective ASTM methods. Free water content was measured visually and odour tested by smell detection. Data from nine samples were used to compare with ASTM and Indian Standards. The results of this analysis revealed that the LPG contains propane and butane with a certain range of ratio. But that has no free water content. The total Sulfur content is within the permissible limit according to ASTM Standards. The samples do not have corrosive hydrogen sulfide. The vapor pressure is lower than the maximum limit and have very low linear relationship with relative density. The calorific value is highly dependent on the propane and butane content and moderately related to the relative density. Compared to ASTM and Indian standards, the examined LPG mixtures are found to be safe for the tropical country.

Biodiesel does not only provide a sustainable alternative for diesel fuel but also enables the transformation and utilization of wastes into high value products. Therefore, the aim of this study is to use heterogeneous catalysts derived from wet-impregnated snail, crab and egg shell waste in the production of biodiesel using castor oil. The use of castor oil as the preferred non-edible oil is due its high ricinoleic acid concentration as well as its high solubility in alcohol. The uncalcined egg, snail and crab shell catalysts were identified as E, S and C respectively while CS800oC/H2SO4, CC900 oC/H2SO4, and CE900 oC/H2SO4 represents calcined/impregnated snail, crab and egg shell catalysts respectively. The BET and SEM were used to determine the surface morphology and microstructure of the catalysts while the structure of the crystalline materials and the elemental composition of the catalysts were determined using the XRD and XRF respectively. GC-MS was used to analyze the free fatty acid composition of the oil and FTIR to obtain the organic and polymeric materials present. The physical and chemical analysis of the crude castor oil was carried out so as to determine the percentage of FFA contained in the oil. Each of the calcined/impregnated snail, crab and egg shells were reacted singly with castor oil in the biodiesel production where CS, CC and CE are acronyms that stands for castor oil-snail shell, castor oil-crab shell and castor oil-egg shell biodiesel products respectively. All three castor oil biodiesel products were produced at various specifications or reaction conditions lettered from A – I usually written as a subscript after the biodiesel product and as a result, 27 samples of biodiesel was produced. The optimal conditions required for the production of the biodiesel were obtained and the fuel properties of all 27 samples of biodiesel produced were determined. The crude castor oil gave acid value and FFA of 5.87mgKOH/g and 3.25 respectively which were above the ASTM standards at 0.4 – 4 mgKOH/g and 0.2 – 2 respectively. The highest surface area was produced from calcined/impregnated crab shell at 170.21 m 2/g. The result from the FTIR analysis showed the presence of O – C – O and O – H bonds in the uncalcined spectra and a strong S ═ O bond after calcination/impregnation. Castor oil-egg shell biodiesel product obtained with H-specification (CEH) produced the highest biodiesel yield of 95.3 %. This was obtained at optimal conditions of 1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 5 wt% catalyst loading, 60 OC reaction temperature for 60 min reaction time. Results from the characterization of biodiesel products obtained showed 70, 9.80 mm2/s and 945 kg/m3 as maximum values of cetane number, kinematic viscosity and density traced from castor oil-egg shell biodiesel product obtained with H-specification (CEH), castor oil-snail shell biodiesel product obtained with A-specification (CSA) and castor oil-egg shell biodiesel products obtained with A-specification (CEA) respectively.

Assessment of water quality of Ajali, Karawa and Nnam rivers in Enugu State, Nigeria, was determined over a 10 year-span, in order to ascertain the level of deterioration of the water over time. Water samples were collected in 2013 and 2023 from the aforementioned rivers. For these 2years, the samples were collected in April and July to represent early rainy season and peak rainy season respectively. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate and chloride were determined using standard methods. The water quality indicator ranges were found to be as follows: pH: 4.10–9.23, electrical conductivity (μs/cm): 6.88-53.30, total hardness (mg/L): 4.00-220.00, total suspended solids (mg/L): 0.002-91.00, total dissolved solids (mg/L): 0.08-9.52, alkalinity (mg/L): 10.00-31.50, dissolved oxygen (mg/L): 0.25-36.80, biochemical oxygen demand (mg/L): 0.05-73.60, calcium(mg/L): 0.31-9.40, magnesium (mg/L): 0.003-0.68, sulphate (mg/L): 119.35-425.65, nitrate (mg/L): 0.07-36.80, chloride (mg/L): 3.60-30.00. The WQI values of the three rivers were as follows: 72.93, 78.93 and 66.17 in April 2013; 47.34,85.79 and 75.81 in July 2013, while 425.3, 194.1 and 242.0 in April 2023; 70.68, 50.61 and 62.95 in July 2023  for Ajali, Karawa and Nnam rivers respectively. Ajali and Karawa river water were only suitable for drinking in July 2013 and July 2023 respectively. All the April samples show high level of deterioration and as such is very poor and unfit for human consumption. Generally, there was an increasing trend in the pollution level of the rivers over the period. The need for appropriate treatment cannot be over-emphasized,

In this work, the exponential Diophantine equation 15x-17y=z2, where x,y and z are non-negative integers, was studied and presented with the theorems governing its expressions. The result indicated that (x,y,z)= (0,0,0) was a unique solution to the equation.

This study examined the effect of corporate social responsibility on financial performance of oil and gas firms in Nigeria from 2018 to 2023. The study was anchored on Stakeholder theory. The population of the study consisted of ten oil and gas firms in Nigeria that are listed on Nigeria Exchange Group as at December, 2023 while the sample size consisted of five (5) oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The study made use of secondary data which were sourced from Nigerian Exchange Group. Ordinary Least Square regression technique was the method of data analysis adopted. The results of the study revealed that: corporate social responsibility expenditure and corporate social responsibility disclosure have a positive and significant effect on net profit margin and return on asset of oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The study concluded that corporate social responsibility plays a significant positive role in improving the financial performance of oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The study recommended that management of oil and gas firms should ensure that social responsibility is inbuilt into their policy statements and back up with effective budget.

Integration of explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methodologies into compliance frameworks represents a considerable potential for augmenting fraud prevention strategies across diverse sectors. This paper explores the role of explainable AI in compliance models for fraud prevention. In highly regulated sectors like finance, healthcare, and cybersecurity, XAI helps identify abnormal behaviour and ensure regulatory compliance by offering visible and comprehensible insights into AI-driven decision-making processes. The findings indicate the extent to which XAI can improve the efficacy, interpretability, and transparency of initiatives aimed at preventing fraud. Stakeholders can comprehend judgements made by AI, spot fraudulent tendencies, and rank risk-reduction tactics using XAI methodologies. In addition, it also emphasizes how crucial interdisciplinary collaboration is to the advancement of XAI and its incorporation into compliance models for fraud detection across multiple sectors. In conclusion, XAI in compliance models plays a vital role in fraud prevention. Therefore, through the utilization of transparent and interpretable AI tools, entities can strengthen their ability to withstand fraudulent operations, build trust among stakeholders, and maintain principles within evolving regulatory systems.

The ability of small-scale businesses in Nigeria to bounce back from adversity is a crucial factor in their long-term viability and success. This study investigated the predictive roles of business milieus and core self-evaluation (CSE) in entrepreneurial resilience among small-scale entrepreneurs at the University of Uyo, Nigeria. Employing an ex post facto research design, data were collected from 226 entrepreneurs operating within the University campuses. Data were collected using the Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) and the Entrepreneurial Resilience Scale (ERS). Data were analysed with simple percentage, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple regression. The findings revealed that two of the business milieus investigated in the study (business type and the number of employees) significantly predicted entrepreneurial resilience, while business registration status and age did not predict entrepreneurial resilience. Additionally, regression analysis revealed the significance of three dimensions of CSE in entrepreneurial resilience, with self-esteem, locus of control, and self-efficacy emerging as significant predictors. Recommendations included incorporating modules on building self-esteem, locus of control, and self-efficacy in entrepreneurship training programmes and tailoring business support services and policies to enhance resilience among small-scale entrepreneurs. The study contributes to understanding the key factors that impact the ability of small-scale entrepreneurs to overcome obstacles, offering practical guidance for developing targeted interventions that can help them thrive and achieve their business goals.