Nutritional Status and Its Impact on The Academic Performance of Learners.
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract: This study explored the relationship between nutritional status and academic performance among elementary school learners classified as wasted/severely wasted based on their BMI in the Manay North District of Davao Oriental during the 2024–2025 school year. The objectives were to identify learners' profiles, causes of malnutrition, and how these factors impact academic achievement. Using a descriptive correlational research design, the study employed survey questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and learners' report cards as primary data sources. A total of 219 learners identified as wasted/severely wasted participated in the survey. Data analysis involved frequency distributions, weighted means, Spearman's Rho correlation, standard deviations, percentages, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The findings showed that most respondents came from economically disadvantaged families, mainly engaged in farming and informal labor, and had parents with low education levels. Poverty (M = 3.53) and nutritional illiteracy (M = 3.52) were identified as the main causes of malnutrition, followed by poor eating habits and health conditions. Academic performance among learners showed steady improvement across three grading periods, with mean scores of 81.50, 82.70, and 83.22— all categorized as satisfactory. This consistent progress suggests that learners gradually adapted to classroom routines, improved their study habits, and benefited from teachers' reinforcement and feedback. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between weight and academic performance (r = 0.305, p < 0.01), while socio-economic status showed a negative correlation (r = -0.140, p < 0.05). Furthermore, poverty and poor eating habits were found to have weak but significant associations with students' grades.
The study confirms malnutrition, mainly caused by poverty and lack of nutritional knowledge, harms students' academic performance. To improve nutrition and learning, schools should run feeding programs, educate parents, and support livelihoods. Collaboration among schools, local governments, and health agencies is vital to fight malnutrition and support student development.
Downloads
References
(2019). The impact of malnutrition on the academic achievement among Jordanian students in the primary schools. Gazi Medical Journal, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.12996/gmj.2019.34
… & Khan, M. (2013). Predictors of the number of under-five malnourished children in bangladesh: application of the generalized poisson regression model. BMC Public Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-11 Khanam, S. and Haque, M. (2021).
A., … & Minz, S. (2019). Nutritional status, cognitive achievement, and educational attainment of children aged 8-11 in rural south india. Plos One, 14(10), e0223001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223001
Abebe, F., Geleto, A., Sena, L., & Hailu, C. (2017). Predictors of academic performance with due focus on undernutrition among students attending primary schools of hawa gelan district, southwest ethiopia: a school based cross sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-017-0138-2
Abuja, Nigeria. Jukes M.C.H., Drake L.J., & Bundy D.A.P. (2008). School Health Nutrition and Education for All: Leveling the Playing Field. Cambridge: CAB Publishers. Osun State Ministry of Education (2014). Osun Elementary School Feeding & Health Programme. O’ meals Manual Osun State Government.
Abuya, B., Ciera, J., & Kimani‐Murage, E. (2012). Effect of mother’s Acharya, Y., Luke, N., Faytong‐Haro, M., Rose, W., Russell, P., Oommen,
Adair, L. S., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Stein, A. D., Martorell, R., Ramirez-Zea, M., ... & Victora, C. G. (2017). Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income. The Lancet, 382(9891), 525–534.
Adair, L. S., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Stein, A. D., Martorell, R., Ramirez-Zea, M., ... & Victora, C. G. (2017). Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: Findings from five birth cohort studies. The Lancet, 382(9891), 525–534.
Ahmed, A. U. (2004). Food-for-Education Programme with Locally Produced Food: Effects on Farmers and Consumers in Sub-Sahara Africa. Washington D.C: International Research Food Policy Institute.
Akanbi G.O. (2013). Home Grown School Feeding and Health Programme in Nigeria: An Innovative Approach to Boosting Enrolment in Public Primary Schools – A Study of Osun State, 2002–2010. African Symposium, 11(2), 8-12.
Akanbi, G. O. (2013). The impact of school feeding programme on pupils’ educational attainment in Nigeria: A case study of Osun State. World Journal of Education, 3(6), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v3n6p39
Alabi A.T. (2003). Evaluation of the Impact of Universal Basic Education Process on Primary School Enrolment in Kwara State. Nigerian Journal of Educational Research and Education, 4(1), 12-13.
Aldana-Parra, F., Olaya, G., & Fewtrell, M. (2019). Associations between maternal bmi, breastfeeding practices and infant anthropometric status in colombia; secondary analysis of ensin 2010... https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.16479/v1
Ali, M. and Warfa, A. (2018). Pupils, parents and teachers perceptions on causes of low achievements in kenya certificate of primary education examination: a case study in a public school in mandera county, kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v7-i2/4167
Amoadu, M., Abraham, S., Adams, A., Akoto-Buabeng, W., Obeng, P., Angeles, L. C., Santos, R. J., & Bautista, M. M. (2019). Socioeconomic disparities and child nutrition outcomes in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Development Studies, 46(2), 23–45.
Angeles, L. C., Santos, R. J., & Bautista, M. M. (2019). Socioeconomic disparities and child nutrition outcomes in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Development Studies, 46(2), 23–45.
Appiah & Kwesi. (2024). Impact of School Feeding Programs on Student Attendance and Performance in Ghana. African Journal of Education and Practice 10. https://doi.org/10.47604/ajep.2522
Babar, Muzaffar, N. F., Khan, R., Imdad, M. A. & Seema. (2005). IMPACT Ballon, P., & Hidalgo, M. (2020). Rural livelihood and poverty in Southeast Asia: Structural barriers and resilience strategies. Asian Development Policy Review, 8(3), 101–115.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Benca, J. (2006). Quenstions and answers in first aid for nursing and social workers. Slovak libraray: Gerthoffer Press, 2006. 113 s. ISBN 80-89074-69-3
Benca,G.- Bielová, M. (2007). Tropical public health and nursing for social worker. Slovak library: Gerthofer Press, 2007. 145 s. ISBN 80-89271-03-3
Benson, T. (2012). Cross-sectorial coordination in the public sector: A challenge to leveraging agriculture for improving nutrition and health. In: S. Fan and R Pan-dya-Lorch (Eds.), Reshaping Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Beredo, A. A. (2017). Context Analysis on School Based Feeding Program and Its Impact on Academic Performance. unpublished research
Berezowitz, C., Yoder, A., & Schoeller, D. (2015). School gardens enhance academic performance and dietary outcomes in children. Journal of School Health, 85(8), 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12278
Birdsall, L.R., Levine, A., & Ibrahim, A. (2006). Towards Universal basic Education: Investments, Incentives and Institutions. European Journal of Education, 40(3), 337-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2005.00230.x
Bouchefra, S., Chaal, R., & Bour, A. (2024). Influence of nutritional status on academic performance: a study of schoolchildren in eastern morocco. HF, 1(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.56578/hf020101
Brauw, A., Meenakshi, J. & Gilligan, D. (2012). Introduction of beta-carotene-rich orange sweet potato in rural Uganda resulted in increased vitamin A intakes among children and women and improved vitamin A status among children. Journal of Nutrition, 142 (6): 1871-1880.
Bray R., Gooskens, I., Khan, L., Moses, S. & Seekings, J. (2010). Growing up in the new South Africa: Childhood and adolescence in post-apartheid. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard University Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2008). Child development and adolescence. Chiccago: Harvard College
Bundy, D., Burbano, C., Grosh, M., Gelli, A. M., Jukes, C.H., & Drake, L.J. (2009). Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector. The World Food Programme and the World Bank, Washington, DC. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7974-5 Federal Ministry of Education (2007). National Guidelines for School Meals Planning and Implementation.
Cameron, S. (2012). Education, urban poverty and migration: Evidence from Bangladesh and Vietnam. Working Paper 2012- 2015. UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.
Cantada-Fabros, L. (2025). Implementation of the school-based feeding program among primary pupils’ in san mariano i district and its relation to their academic performance. J. Educ. Learn. Manage., 2(2), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.69739/jelm.v2i2.736
Carolyn Miles (2011) Save the Children, retrieved from www.savethechildren.org on August 05, 2017
Chen, L., Fox, K., Ku, P., & Wang, C. (2012). A longitudinal study of childhood obesity, weight status change, and subsequent academic performance in taiwanese children. Journal of School Health, 82(9), 424-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00718.x
Chinyoka, K. & Naidu, N. (2013). Uncaging the Caged: Exploring the Impact of Poverty on the Academic Performance of Form Three Learners in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 6:203- 213.
Chinyoka. K. & Naidu, N. (2013) Impact of Poor Nutrition on the Academic Performance of Grade Seven Learners: A Case of Zimbabwe, retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org on August 17, 2017
Conell (2010). Nutrition and Student’s Academic Performance, retrieved from https://www.wilder.org on September 10, 2017
Connell, RW. (2010). Poverty and education. Harvard and Educational Review, 64: 125-150.
Considine, G. and Zappalà, G. (2002). The influence of social and economic disadvantage in the academic performance of school students in australia. Journal of Sociology, 38(2), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078302128756543
De Guzman, M., & Ocampo, L. (2020). Socio-economic status and its effect on pupils’ academic achievement. Philippine Journal of Education and Human Development, 14(2), 45–52.
DEMERIN, M. (2023). Effect of school-based feeding program implementation of elementary schools on learners’ academic performance. International Journal of Research Publications, 120(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp1001201320234484
denkyembour district, eastern region, ghana: comparing schools with feeding and non-school feeding policies. Nutrition Journal, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-018-0321-6
DepEd Order no. 43 s. 2011, Strengthening the School Health and Nutrition Programs for the Achievement of the Education for All (EFA) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), retrieved from http://www.deped.gov.ph on August 05, 2017
DepEd. (2013). DepEd Order No. 54, s. 2013 – Guidelines on the Implementation of School Feeding Programs. Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines.
DO No. 51, s. 2016, Implementation of the School-Based Feeding Program for School Year 2016 - 2017 retrieved from http://www.deped.gov.ph on August 05, 2017
Donald, D., Lazarus, S. & Lolwana, P. (2010). Educational Psychology in social context: Ecosystem applications in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
Duncan, DJ., Yeung, JW., Brooks-Gunn, J. & Smith, JR. (2008). How much does child poverty affect the life chances of children? American Sociological Review, 63(4): 406-423.
Ecker, O and Nene, M. (2012) Impact of Poor Nutrition on the Academic Performance of Grade Seven Learners: A Case of Zimbabwe, retrieved from https://www.researchgate.netpublication on August 17, 2017
Ecker, O. & Breisinger, C. (2012). The food security system: A new conceptual framework. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1166. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Ecker, O. & Nene, M. (2012). Nutrition policies in developing countries: Challenges and highlights. Policy Note 1. Washington DC, International Food Policy Research Institute.
education on child’s nutritional status in the slums of nairobi. BMC Pediatrics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-80
educational attainment: evidence from zambia on the role of personality. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.995343
Elish, P., Boedeker, P., Lash, T., & Gazmararian, J. (2023). Longitudinal weight status
and academic achievement in elementary schoolchildren in the united states. International Journal of Obesity, 47(7), 644-650. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-023-01309-1
Eniyew, T., Abebe, F., Gela, D., Asegid, A., & Tiruneh, D. (2019). Nutritional status of
primary school students and its association on academic performance in north-central ethiopia: cross sectional study.. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.13718/v1
Evans, K., Iriarte, A., Drummer, E., Urizar, B., & Crea, T. (2024).
Fanzo, J. (2012). The nutrition challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Human Development Report: UNDP.
Ferguson, CJ., Munoz, ME. & Medrano, M.R. (2012). Advertising influences on young children’s food choices are only marginally reduced by parental influence: A randomised controlled experiment. Journal of Pediatrics, 160 (3): 452-455.
Florencio, C. (2019). Nutrition and Learning: The Impact of Undernutrition on Academic Achievement. Philippine Journal of Nutrition and Health, 25(2), 34–42.
Florencio, C. (2019). Nutrition and Learning: The Impact of Undernutrition on Academic Achievement. Philippine Journal of Nutrition and Health, 25(2), 34–42.
Florencio, C. (2019). Nutrition and Learning: The Impact of Undernutrition on Academic Achievement. Philippine Journal of Nutrition and Health, 25(2), 34–42.
Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund [UNICEF], World Health Organization [WHO], & World Food Programme [WFP]. (2023). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. United Nations.
Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund [UNICEF], World Health Organization [WHO], & World Food Programme [WFP]. (2023). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. United Nations.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI). (2015). National Nutrition Survey. Department of Science and Technology, Philippines.
Galgamuwa, L., Iddawela, D., Dharmaratne, S., & Galgamuwa, G. (2017).
Garcia, R., & Reyes, J. (2021). Health and socio-economic factors affecting learners’ classroom performance. Asian Education Review, 9(1), 21–30.
Garcia, R., & Reyes, J. (2021). Health and socio-economic factors affecting learners’ classroom performance. Asian Education Review, 9(1), 21–30.
Garcia, R., & Reyes, J. (2021). Trends in academic performance of elementary pupils: An analysis across grading periods. Asian Education Review, 9(1), 21–30.
Gibb, S., Fergusson, D., & Horwood, L. (2012). Childhood family income and life
outcomes in adulthood: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study in new zealand. Social Science & Medicine, 74(12), 1979-1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.028
Glewwe, P., & Muralidharan, K. (2016). Improving education outcomes in developing countries: Evidence, knowledge gaps, and policy implications. Handbook of the Economics of Education, 5, 653–743.
Global Nutrition Report. (2018). Shining a light to spur action on nutrition. Development Initiatives.
Hagan, J. (2024). Risk factors of malnutrition among in-school children and adolescents in developing countries: a scoping review. Children, 11(4), 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040476
Haile, D., Nigatu, D., Gashaw, K., & Demelash, H. (2016). Height for age z score and cognitive function are associated with academic performance among school children aged 8–11 years old. Archives of Public Health, 74(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0129-9
Hamdani, S., Zhuang, J., Hamdani, S., Hadier, S., Fatima, S., & Danish, S. (2023).
Exploring the relationship between sleep patterns, bmi, and academic performance: a comparative study of adolescent students in rural and urban areas of multan. Journal of Management Practices
Hasan, M., Magalhães, R., Williams, G., & Mamun, A. (2015). The role of
Hoddinott, J., Rosegrant, M. & Torero, M. (2012). Investments to reduce hunger and under-nutrition. Hunger and Malnutrition Challenge Paper. Copenhagen Consensus, 2012.
Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-7.5.6 MacCann, C. and Roberts, R. (2012). Just as smart but not as successful: obese students obtain lower school grades but equivalent test scores to nonobese students. International Journal of Obesity, 37(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.47
Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-7.5.6
Ignowski, EA. (2012). Two essays on food security in Zimbabwe. Master of Science in Agricultural and applied Economics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois:
Islam, M., Alam, M., Tariquzaman, M., Kabir, M., Pervin, R., Begum, M., Islam, M., M., Khan & N., M. (2022). Childhood stunting in Bangladesh: a
Jandourek. J., (2009). Úvod do sociologie. Praha : Portál, 2009. 231 s. ISBN 978-80-7367-644-5
Keller, J. (2008). Úvod do sociologie. Praha : Slon, 2008. 204 s. ISBN 80-86429-39-7
Klein, M. and Sosu, E. (2023). School attendance and academic achievement: understanding variation across family socioeconomic status. Sociology of Education, 97(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380407231191541
Klein, M., Sosu, E., & Dare, S. (2022). School absenteeism and academic achievement does the reason for absence matter?. Aera Open, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584211071115
Kusá, Z.- Džambazovič,R. (2006). Zborník príspevkov z konferencie Unesco Most. Chudoba v slovenskej spoločnosti a vzťah slovenskej spoločnosti k chudobe. Bratislava: Sociologický ústav SAV , 2006. 301 s. ISBN 80-85544-43-1
Lacuarin, N., Dapilos, L., Alvara, M., Tamban, V., Tabuac, E., & Alforja, N. (2022).
Gulayan sa paaralan and its implication to learners’ nutritional status and academic performance. Pupil International Journal of Teaching Education and Learning, 6(1), 202-215. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2022.61.202215
Lawson, T. (2012). Impact of school feeding programs on educational, nutritional, and agricultural development goals: A systematic review of literature. International Food Policy Research Institute.
MacCann, C. and Roberts, R. (2012). Just as smart but not as successful: obese students obtain lower school grades but equivalent test scores to nonobese students. International Journal of Obesity, 37(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.47
McMillan, JH. & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in education. New York: Harper Collins.
Miller, J. & Korenman, S. (2004). Poverty and children's nutritional status in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140(3): 233-243.
Morrissey, T., Hutchison, L., & Winsler, A. (2014). Family income, school attendance, and academic achievement in elementary school.. Developmental Psychology, 50(3),741-753. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033848
Mwamwenda, TS. (2010). Educational psychology: An African perspective. Durban: Heinemann.
Nabarro et.al. (2012) Nutrition Policies in Developing Countries retrieved from https://agritech.trau.ac.in.nutrition on August 17, 2017
Nabarro, D., Menon, P., Ruel, M. & Yosef, S. (2012). Scaling Up Nutrition: A global movement to accelerate progress in reducing maternal and child under-nutrition. Brief 9. In: J. Linn. (ed.).
Napitupulu, M., Yuliana, E., & Supriyadi, E. (2022). Parental education and children’s nutritional status: A pathway to school performance. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(4), 227–238.
Napitupulu, M., Yuliana, E., & Supriyadi, E. (2022). Parental education and children’s nutritional status: A pathway to school performance. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(4), 227–238.
National Family Health Survey (NFHS). (2007). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International.
Neeser, K. (2012). Global hunger and education: The case for school feeding programs. United Nations World Food Programme.
Nutritional status and correlated socio-economic factors among preschool and school children in plantation communities, sri lanka. BMC Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4311-y
Nutritional status of in-school children and its associated factors in Nyinoh, I., Azera, S., & Mbaawuaga, E. (2023). Gut bacteria and nutritional status of
nigerian children at an internally displaced persons’ camp in benue state, nigeria: a pilot study. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 11(06), 118-134. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2023.116009
Ocampo, L. (2020). Nutrition literacy and parental influence on children’s eating behaviors. Philippine Journal of Family and Health Sciences, 7(3), 56–65.
Ocampo, L. (2020). Nutrition literacy and parental influence on children’s eating behaviors. Philippine Journal of Family and Health Sciences, 7(3), 56–65.
OF SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 17. https://jamc.ayubmed.edu.pk/index.php/jamc/article/view/2687
Ohanyelu, C. (2022). Family background as an indicator of students’ academic
achievement in science subjects among high school students in nigeria. American Journal of Arts and Educational Administration Research, 1. https://doi.org/10.58314/089897
Orazem, P., Glewwe, P. & Patrinos, H. (2007). The benefits and costs of alternative strategies to improve educational outcomes. Working Paper No. 07028. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University.
Otuneye, A., Ahmed, P., Abdulkarim, A., Aluko, O., & Shatima, D. (2017). Relationship
between dietary habits and nutritional status among adolescents in abuja municipal area council of nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 44(3), 128. https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v44i3.1
Oyefade S.A. (2014). Administration of Home Grown School Feeding & Health Programme in Osun State. Unpublished MPA Long essay, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.
Oyeniran, O.B. (2014). Rich Country Poor People: Nigeria’s Poverty in the Midst of Plenty. Manchester, U.K: Technopol Publishers. Partnership for Child Development. (2014). Osun State Home Grown School Feeding Programme: Improving Sustainability through Increased Local Farmer Participation. HGSF Working Papers Series No.12.
Patton, M. Q. (2012). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Peteros, E. (2021). Understanding the effects of time management and self-efficacy on math performance among high school students working p. Information Technology in Industry, 9(2), 1077-1085. https://doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.455
Peterson, J., Puhl, R., & Luedicke, J. (2012). An experimental assessment of physical
educators' expectations and attitudes: the importance of student weight and gender. Journal of School Health, 82(9), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00719.x
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2023). Poverty incidence among families in the Philippines (Official Statistics).
Popkin, B. M., Corvalan, C., & Grummer-Strawn, L. M. (2020). Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. The Lancet, 395(10217), 65–74.
Popkin, B. M., Corvalan, C., & Grummer-Strawn, L. M. (2020). Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. The Lancet, 395(10217), 65–74.
preschool children in terengganu, malaysia: a case control study. BMC Public Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-785
Prevalence and determinants of malnutrition among primary school going
Psacharopouls, G. (1998). Education and Development: A Review. World Bank Research Observer, 3(1), 99-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/3.1.99 Tomlinson, M. (2007). School Feeding in East and Southern Africa: Improving Food Sovereignty or Photo Opportunity? Equity Discuss Paper, N0. 46.
Rathus, SA. (2006). Childhood: Voyages in development. California: Thomson Wadsworth.
Rayyan, W., Salem, S., Dayyih, W., Shawareb, A., Awad, R., Batarseh, Y., … &
Matubsi, H. (2020). Sleeping duration, bedtime and bmi and their rapport on academic performance among adolescents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 8-18. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i930477
Relationships, parental involvement, and community support: differences
in school environment for boys and girls in rural guatemala. Equity in Education & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/27526461231225241
Reyes, J., & De Guzman, M. (2020). Socio-economic disadvantage and its effects on child nutrition and academic outcomes. Philippine Education Studies, 7(2), 15–29.
Reyes, J., & De Guzman, M. (2020). Socio-economic disadvantage and its effects on child nutrition and academic outcomes. Philippine Education Studies, 7(2), 15–29.
Reyes, J., & De Guzman, M. (2020). Socio-economic disadvantage and its effects on child nutrition and academic outcomes. Philippine Education Studies, 7(2), 15–29.
Right to Food Campaign. (2006). Supreme Court orders on the right to food: A tool for action. New Delhi, India.
Rockers, P., Zuilkowski, S., & Fink, G. (2023). Childhood adversity and
Rusinga, O. & Moyo, S. (2012). Determinants of child malnutrition in Changazi Ward in Chimanimani District, Zimbabwe. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies. (JETERAPS). 3(3): 14-19.
Santana, C., Hill, J., Azevedo, L., Gunnarsdottir, T., & Prado, W. (2017). The association
between obesity and academic performance in youth: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 18(10), 1191-1199. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12582
Santanu, G. and Haradhan, S. (2010) The Role of Adequate Nutrition on Academic Performance of College Students, retrieved from https://www.tojned.net on September 10, 2017
Santos, M., Dela Cruz, R., & Navarro, L. (2020). Nutritional health and school performance among Filipino children. Asian Journal of Educational Research, 8(3), 56–64.
Sardinha, L., Marques, A., Minderico, C., Palmeira, A., Martins, S., Santos, D., … &
Ekelund, U. (2016). Longitudinal relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic achievement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), 839-844. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000830
Save the Children. (2012). A life free from hunger: Tackling malnutrition. New York: United Nations.
Seyoum, D., Tsegaye, R., & Tesfaye, A. (2019). Under nutrition as a predictor of poor
academic performance; the case of nekemte primary schools students, western ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4771-5
Shrestha, I. & Pathak, L. (2012). A Review of the National Health Policy 1991. Katmandu: Ministry of Health and Population.
Snowman, J. & Biehler, R. (2011). Psychology applied to teaching. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Soe, Y., Maneekan, P., Soonthronworasri, N., & Prangthip, P. (2021). Nutritional status
and related factors on academic achievement of adolescents in high schools in the hlaing tharyar township, yangon, myanmar.. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-955341/v1
Starr, A., Haider, Z., & Stumm, S. (2024). Do school grades matter for growing up?
testing the predictive validity of school performance for outcomes in emerging adulthood.. Developmental Psychology, 60(4), 665-679. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001548
Stevens, G., Finucane, M., Paciorek, C., Flaxman, S., White, R., Donner, A. & Ezzati, M. (2012). Trends in mild, moderate, and severe stunting and underweight, and progress towards MDG 1 in 141 developing countries: A systematic analysis of population representative data. Lancet, 380(7):824-834.
Suchert, V., Hanewinkel, R., & Isensee, B. (2016). Longitudinal relationships of fitness,
physical activity, and weight status with academic achievement in adolescents. Journal of School Health, 86(10), 734-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12424
Sugiyono, P. (2012). Quantitative Research Methods, Qualitative and R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta
SunStar Davao. (2017, April 12). FNRI study: Davao Region’s malnutrition problem persists. SunStar Publishing. systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 22. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13469-2
Tan, R., & Gonzales, P. (2021). Poverty and learning outcomes: The case of nutritionally at-risk pupils in rural schools. Southeast Asian Journal of Education and Development, 11(1), 78–90.
Teni, M., Shiferaw, S., & Asefa, F. (2017). Anemia and its relationship with academic
performance among adolescent school girls in kebena district, southwest ethiopia. Biotechnology and Health Sciences, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/bhs.13431
Tomlinson, C. (2014). The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners. ASCD.
Trepáčová, E. (2012). Podvýživa a fenomén chudoby v rozvojových krajinách a na Slovensku. Diplomová práca. Bratislava: PdF UK, 2012. ŽILOVÁ, A.2005. Chudoba a jej premeny na Slovensku. Badín: Mentor, 2005.130 s. ISBN 80- 968932-1-1
Uduku. (2011). School Building Design for Feeding Programme and Community Outreach: Insights from Ghana and South Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 31, 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.005
UNESCO. (2011). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011: The hidden crisis: Armed conflict. Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations (UN). (2005). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. United Nations Publications.
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). (2019). The State of the World’s Children 2019: Children, Food and Nutrition. UNICEF.
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). (2019). The State of the World’s Children 2019: Children, Food and Nutrition. UNICEF.
United Nations. (2012). The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York: United Nations.
Urbana, Champaign 2012. Lacour, M. & Tissington, LD. (2011). Educational research and reviews. Academic Journal, 7 (9): 522-527.
Victora, C. G., Christian, P., Vidaletti, L. P., Gatica-Domínguez, G., Menon, P., & Black, R. E. (2021). Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries: Variable progress towards an unfinished agenda. The Lancet, 397(10282), 1388–1399.
Wanjohi, Anthony M. (2010). Causes and Effects of Malnutrition on Children Aged Between 6 – 10 years in Isinya Code, Kajiado District, retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com on August 17, 2017
White, CJ. (2012). Research methods and techniques. New York: Harper Collins College.
Williams, J. and Bryan, J. (2013). Overcoming adversity: high‐achieving African
american youth's perspectives on educational resilience. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(3), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00097.x
Wong, H., Moy, F., & Nair, S. (2014). Risk factors of malnutrition among
World Food Programme (WFP). (2008). School feeding policy: Promoting access to education and nutrition. United Nations World Food Programme.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Malnutrition: Key Facts.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Malnutrition: Key facts.
Yin, RK. (2012). Case study research: design and methods. (7th ed.) New Delhi: SAGE Publication.
Yuliandi, N., Apriani, A., Safitri, L., & Manulang, A. (2022). Relationship between
hemoglobin levels (hb) and nutritional status with academic achievements of stik kesosi tlm students in 2022. NSMRJ Nusantara Scientific Medical Research Journal, 1(1), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.58549/nsmrj.v1i1.19
Yunusa, I., Gumel, A.M., Adegbusi, K., & Adegbusi, S. (2012). School Feeding Programme in Nigeria: A Vehicle for Nourishment of Pupils. The African Journal, 12(2), 53-67.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in our journal are licensed under CC-BY 4.0, which permits authors to retain copyright of their work. This license allows for unrestricted use, sharing, and reproduction of the articles, provided that proper credit is given to the original authors and the source.