Climate Change: Causes, Impacts, Mitigation and Sustainable Adaptation Strategies
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant global environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. Anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel combustion, industrialization, deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices have intensified greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming and climate instability. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has resulted in rising global temperatures, melting glaciers, sea-level rise, biodiversity loss, extreme weather events, and adverse impacts on human health, agriculture, water resources, and socio-economic systems. This research article provides a comprehensive overview of climate change, its scientific basis, causes, consequences, mitigation strategies, adaptation measures, and international policy responses. The study also discusses sustainable technological interventions, renewable energy systems, carbon sequestration, climate-smart agriculture, and the role of engineering and management approaches in combating climate change. Furthermore, the article highlights global agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in climate governance. The paper concludes that integrated global cooperation, technological innovation, environmental education, and sustainable development policies are essential to minimize climate risks and ensure a resilient future. Climate change is unequivocally caused by human activities, particularly greenhouse gas emissions, according to the latest IPCC synthesis findings.
Downloads
References
Allen, M. R., Dube, O. P., Solecki, W., et al. (2018). Framing and context. In Global warming of 1.5°C. IPCC.
Archer, D. (2012). Global warming: Understanding the forecast (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Bhattacharya, A. (2019). Climate change and sustainability. Environmental Science Journal, 12(3), 45–58.
Bolin, B. (2007). A history of the science and politics of climate change. Cambridge University Press.
Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin.
Dessler, A. E. (2019). Introduction to modern climate change (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Field, C. B., Barros, V., Dokken, D., et al. (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
Giddens, A. (2011). The politics of climate change. Polity Press.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., & Ruedy, R. (2013). Climate sensitivity and global warming. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(6), 1341–1350.
Houghton, J. (2015). Global warming: The complete briefing (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change. Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2023). Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Karl, T. R., & Trenberth, K. E. (2003). Modern global climate change. Science, 302(5651), 1719–1723.
Lean, G. (2015). The climate change handbook. Routledge.
Mann, M. E. (2021). The new climate war. Public Affairs.
Meadows, D., Meadows, D., Randers, J., & Behrens, W. (1972). The limits to growth. Universe Books.
NASA. (2023). Climate change evidence. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Nordhaus, W. (2013). The climate casino: Risk, uncertainty, and economics for a warming world. Yale University Press.
Pachauri, R. K., & Meyer, L. (2014). Climate change 2014 synthesis report. IPCC.
Parry, M., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J., et al. (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
Pearce, D. (2006). The economics of climate change. Oxford University Press.
Schneider, S. H. (1989). Global warming: Are we entering the greenhouse century? Sierra Club Books.
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., et al. (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press.
Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge University Press.
United Nations. (2021). The sustainable development goals report 2021. United Nations Publications.
UNEP. (2022). Emissions gap report 2022. United Nations Environment Programme.
UNEP. (2023). Adaptation gap report 2023. United Nations Environment Programme.
UNFCCC. (2015). Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Weart, S. (2008). The discovery of global warming. Harvard University Press.
World Bank. (2022). Climate and development report. World Bank Publications.
World Health Organization. (2021). Climate change and health. WHO Publications.
Wuebbles, D., Fahey, D., Hibbard, K., et al. (2017). Climate science special report. U.S. Global Change Research Program.
IPCC. (2023). Summary for policymakers. Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report.
Reuters. (2025). Latest developments in climate science and COP30 discussions.
World Resources Institute. (2023). Top findings from the IPCC climate change report.
Earth.Org. (2023). Key findings from the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.
IPCC. (2023). Headline statements of AR6 synthesis report.
United Nations Digital Library. (2023). Climate change 2023: AR6 synthesis report.
World Meteorological Organization. (2023). State of the global climate 2023.
International Energy Agency. (2022). World energy outlook 2022.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024. International Energy Agency.
UNEP. (2024). Emissions Gap Report 2024. United Nations Environment Programme.
World Meteorological Organization. (2024). State of the Global Climate 2024. WMO Publications.
IPCC. (2024). Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality Pathways. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
United Nations. (2024). Global Climate Finance Report. United Nations Publications.
OECD. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Applications in Climate Governance. OECD Publications.
World Bank. (2025). Climate Adaptation and Sustainable Infrastructure Report. World Bank Publications.
Nature Climate Change. (2025). AI-driven Climate Prediction and Environmental Monitoring. Nature Publishing Group.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in our journal are licensed under CC-BY 4.0, which permits authors to retain copyright of their work. This license allows for unrestricted use, sharing, and reproduction of the articles, provided that proper credit is given to the original authors and the source.