Socio-Economic and Spatial Determinants of Housholds’ Water Accessibility in Lokoja, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Access to adequate water is a major challenge facing many households in Nigeria especially In Lokoja, which has the largest burden of morbidity and mortality. Previous studies on water accessibility focused on quality, without considering the pattern of urban households’ access to water based on geographic location and household socio-economic characteristics. Therefore, this study investigated socio-economic and spatial determinants of households’ access to safe water in Lokoja, Nigeria with a view to developing practical and policy guidelines that will enhance access to safe drinking water. Cross-sectional design was adopted. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 350 household heads in the six residential zones across Lokoja as identified in the Lokoja Urban Master Plan. This was obtained using Taro Yamane sample size calculator based on the 2025 population projection of 58,219 households. The data were analyesed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p ≤ 0.05. Male-head households constituted 57.6%. Households sourced water from boreholes (64.5%), tube-well (11.5%) hand-dug well (28.9%), rain harvesting (2.7%) and stream (0.10%). About 59% households had optimal access to water, 26.9% intermediate access and 14.4% has basic access, while pipe-borne water was not functional. There is association between Socio-economic characteristics of households and access to safe water R2=0.54. The results obtained indicate that households has varied degree of water accessibility across residential zones in Lokoja. To achieve equitable access to safe water, restoration of public water reservoir system, provision of motorised and hand-pumped boreholes especially low ad medium density area were recommended among others.
Downloads
References
Akoteyon, I. S 2016. Pattern of Households Access to water supply in Sub-urban Settlement in parts of Lagos State. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 12 issue 7 (93-106)
Bagaji, A. S., Yakubu, N., and Maji, A. 2011. Lokoja urban water supply as a basic service programme: A critical appraisal of achievement and failure (1991-2011). Canadian Social Science, 7(4), 82-88.
Food and Agriculutral Organization (FAO). (2012). Coping with water scarcity: An action framework for Agriculture and Food Scarcity. FAO Water Report, 3(2).
Ifabiyi, I.P. (2011). Willingness to pay for water at household level in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 11(2), 1-10.
Ifabiyi, I.P., & Ogunbode, T.O. (2014). The use of composite water poverty index in assessing water scarcity in the rural areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. An International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2), 51-65.
Kolawole, O.M., & Afolayan, O. (2017). Assessment of groundwater quality in Ilorin, north central Nigeria. Arid Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 13(1), 111-126. Kwara State Ministry of Lands. (2016). Map of Kwara State. Kwara State.
Musa, J.J., & Fumen, G.A. (2013). Assessment of potable water supply sources in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Int. J. Res. Innov. and Tech. 3, (1), 1-4.
National Institute of Statistics, Cameroun (NISC). (2004). Productive time of women and water supply in Ijumu Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Woman Social Science, 10 (5), 23-31
National Population Commission. 1991. National population census of Federal Republic of Nigeria: 1991 census results, Lokoja.
Neuman, W. L. 1994. Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (2nd ed.). Boston, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, and Singapore: Andy and Bacon.
Nigeria Institute for Social Economic Research (NISER). (1995). Research report on water supply situation in Nigeria Ibadan: NISER Miles. In Huberman, A.M. (Ed.), Qualitative data analysis. London, Thousand Oaks SAGE Publishers.
Oriola, E.O., Ifabiyi, I.P., & Mousafawou, A.A. (2017). Temporal Analysis of water balance in a Sahelian City: Implication for water management. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 13(2), 75-83.
Rijsberman, T.R. (2006). Water scarcity: Facts or fiction. Agricultural Water Management, 8(26), 5-12.
Seckler, D.R., Molden, U.R, & Barker, R. (1998). World water demand and supply: Scenarios and issues. IWMI Research Report 1990-2015.
Tomilayo, R.B., & Sani, A. (2013). Bacteriological examination of well water in Ilorin. Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The Post Graduate Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies, 11(1), 157-170.
UN CESCR, 2002. General Comment No 15.
UN OHCHR, 2010. The Right to water fact sheet No 35
UN-HABITAT. 1999. Managing water for African cities: Developing a strategy for urban water demand management (Background Paper No. 1). Expert Group Meeting UNEP and UN-HABITAT.
UNICEF/WHO 2014. Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation (2014) progress report on Drinking Water and Sanitation. 20134 update USA, UNICEWF and WHO. (2014). Progress in sanitation and drinking water: 2015 update and MDG assessment.
UNICEF/WHO. 2004. Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: A midterm assessment of progress. United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organisation.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Disability. (2020). Envision 2030 Goal (6): Clean water and sanitation target. https://www.un.org
United Nations, 2000. Charting the progress of population. Chapter x. Access to safe water.
United Nations. 1972. Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (A/CONF.48/14). New York: United Nations.
WHO & UNICEF. (2004). Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target. A Midterm Assessment of Progress. Geneva, WHO.
WHO (2004). Water supply, water quality, sanitation and hygiene standards. Retrieved from http://www.who.int.
World Health Organisation, and United Nations Children’s Fund. 2023. Joint monitoring programme. Global water supply and sanitation assessment report. Geneva and New York. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/GlobalToc.htm
Yamane. T. (2009). Sample size formula: Analytical framework.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in our journal are licensed under CC-BY 4.0, which permits authors to retain copyright of their work. This license allows for unrestricted use, sharing, and reproduction of the articles, provided that proper credit is given to the original authors and the source.