Volume 14 Issue 3

Abstract: This article discusses about the patriarchy and gender roles that is evident in Shobhaa De's Second Thoughts and Easterine Kire's Life on Hold. Patriarchy is a system in which man is the Head and is in charge of all sorts of decision making, while women are to obey by the rules and demands laid on them by the man of the family. Gender role refers to the roles that men and women play in the society. The role that they’re expected to partake by the societal norms. The role that is differentiates and distinguishes them as men and women. This research aims to analyse the patriarchy and gender roles in Shobhaa De's Second Thoughts and Easterine Kire’s Life on Hold. Judith Butler suggests gender is not the result of nature, but is socially constructed. Male and female behaviour roles are not the result of biology but are constructed and reinforced by the society through media and culture. She argues that there are a number of exaggerated representations of masculinity and femininity which cause ‘gender trouble’. “There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender; that identity is performatively constituted by the very ‘expression’ that are said to be its results.” (Butler)

Abstract Soil fertility and productivity are essential for sustainable agriculture. Zeolite and fly ash, both industrial by-products, have been widely setudid for their potential benefits in soil amendments. This journal explores the comparative effects of zeolite and fly ash on soil properties, nutrient availability, and plant growth.

Abstract: This study examines the interrelationships among customer banking satisfaction, perceptions of cooperative society performance, and beliefs in the effectiveness of rural service delivery within the context of cooperative banking in Northern Nigeria. Grounded in service quality theories such as SERVQUAL (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988) and supported by emerging evidence on financial inclusion (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2017; World Bank, 2018), the research investigates whether higher levels of banking satisfaction correlate with more favorable views of cooperative governance and rural service effectiveness. Data were collected from 164 respondents through a structured survey administered in both urban and rural settings. Spearman’s rank correlation analyses revealed a moderate positive association between banking satisfaction and cooperative society perspectives (ρ = 0.4721, p < 0.001), as well as between banking satisfaction and rural service beliefs (ρ = 0.47, p = 0.005). Further, moderated multiple regression analysis demonstrated that income level significantly moderates these relationships; higher-income customers exhibit stronger associations between satisfaction and both cooperative performance and rural service delivery. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of customer evaluations in cooperative banking and highlight the importance of considering socioeconomic factors in service improvement strategies. The study offers actionable insights for cooperative bank managers and policymakers aiming to enhance financial inclusion and service delivery in regions with high financial exclusion.

Abstract: High-performance alloys and composites play an important role in modern production engineering by offering superior mechanical strength, thermal stability, and resistance to wear and corrosion. These advanced materials are essential in aerospace, automotive, energy, medical, and manufacturing industries, enhancing product efficiency and durability. This study explores the applications of superalloys, titanium alloys, Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs), and Metal-Matrix Composites (MMCs), emphasizing their impact on machining, structural integrity, and sustainability. The research also examines manufacturing processes, integration challenges, and future advancements. Key challenges which include processing complexities, cost constraints, and recyclability, are analyzed alongside innovations in additive manufacturing and advanced material processing. By utilizing these materials, production engineering achieves higher efficiency, sustainability, and innovation. This study provides critical insights into material selection, performance, and optimization, contributing to industrial advancements and the development of next-generation engineering solutions.

Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa grapples with severe energy poverty, with around 600 million people without reliable electricity. Despite the region's significant renewable energy potential, tidal energy stands out as a promising yet underutilized avenue for diversifying the energy mix and fostering sustainable development. This study explores the feasibility of incorporating tidal energy into Sub-Saharan Africa's power framework, evaluating its implementation's technical, environmental, and economic hurdles. The findings suggest that while tidal energy offers a consistent and trustworthy source of renewable electricity, its expansion is hindered by infrastructural challenges, high initial costs, and regulatory ambiguities. To support the effective integration of tidal energy, a strategic framework is suggested, concentrating on four essential elements: policy and governance, to provide stable regulatory contexts and investment incentives; infrastructure development, to improve grid connectivity and technical preparedness; research and development, to encourage innovation that boosts efficiency and lowers costs; and stakeholder engagement, to involve local communities and build public-private partnerships that improve project sustainability. The research concludes that, with the right policy frameworks, investment, and technological progress, tidal energy could play a crucial role in the region's renewable energy transformation, bolstering energy security and economic development while addressing environmental challenges. Furthermore, the study highlights the necessity of a collaborative approach among various stakeholders to tackle the obstacles faced in tidal energy deployment, underlining the need for regional and international cooperation to promote sustainable energy solutions for Sub-Saharan Africa.

Abstract: This study examines students' proficiency in AutoCAD and their perceptions of Revit within engineering programs, exploring variations across academic levels and the impact of demographic factors. Using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 27), descriptive and inferential statistical  techniques  were applied,  including  means,  standard  deviations,  independent  samples  t‐tests, correlation analysis, and multiple regression. Findings indicate no statistically significant differences in AutoCAD proficiency or Revit perception between first‐ and second‐year students, suggesting that additional academic experience alone does not affect skill level or perception. A positive correlation was observed between AutoCAD proficiency and Revit perception, implying that a strong foundation in AutoCAD enhances students' confidence and openness to learning advanced software like Revit. Regression analysis further revealed that gender and academic major did not significantly predict AutoCAD proficiency or Revit perception. The high Cronbach’s Alpha (0.988) indicates  strong  internal  consistency  in  the  measurement  scale, validating the reliability of the findings. These results highlight the importance of structured, progressive curriculum design that reinforces foundational CAD skills, facilitating smoother transitions to advanced tools and better preparing students for industry requirements. The study emphasizes the need for continuous skills reinforcement to enhance software adaptability and professional readiness in technical fields.

Abstract: Mental health concerns among university students have been widely recognized as a growing issue, particularly in relation to stress, anxiety, and depression. This study examines the burden of stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students at Gopalganj Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with 372 students participating through convenience sampling. The study employed the Bangla version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) to measure psychological distress. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS (version 27.0). Descriptive statistics were computed, and Pearson’s correlation, independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to explore associations and predictive relationships among variables. Results revealed significant positive correlations between stress, anxiety, and depression. Gender differences were observed, with female students reporting higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared to males. Additionally, a significant increase in psychological distress was noted across academic years, with fourth-year students exhibiting the highest levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Post-hoc analysis indicated that these differences were particularly pronounced between first- and fourth-year students. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that stress significantly predicted depression, accounting for a substantial proportion of the variance. When anxiety was added, the explanatory power increased, highlighting the combined impact of stress and anxiety on depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the need for targeted mental health interventions for university students, particularly those in higher academic years and female students. Addressing stress and anxiety through proactive support strategies could mitigate their impact on depression and enhance students' overall well-being.

Mental health concerns among university students have been widely recognized as a growing issue, particularly in relation to stress, anxiety, and depression. This study examines the burden of stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students at Gopalganj Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey design was used with 372 students selecting through convenience sampling. The study employed the Bangla version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) to measure psychological distress. Results revealed significant positive correlations between stress, anxiety, and depression. Results also showed 74.20%, 80.38% and 81.18% undergraduate students experience stress, anxiety, and depression. Gender differences were observed, with female students reporting higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared to males. Additionally, a significant increase in psychological distress was noted across academic years, with fourth-year students exhibiting the highest levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Findings indicated that these differences were particularly pronounced between first- and fourth-year students. Findings further demonstrated that stress significantly predicted depression, accounting for a substantial proportion of the variance. When anxiety was added, the explanatory power increased, highlighting the combined impact of stress and anxiety on depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the need for targeted mental health interventions for university students, particularly those in higher academic years and female students. Addressing stress and anxiety through proactive support strategies could mitigate their impact on depression and enhance students' overall well-being.

Abstract: This study examines the effectiveness of public relations (PR) strategies in reputation management, with a particular focus on enhancing stakeholder engagement and community building. The primary objectives were to assess the role of social media, media relations, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in building organizational trust and to identify challenges organizations face in sustaining stakeholder relationships, especially during crises. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys and interviews with a sample of 200 stakeholders across various organizations. Quantitative analysis provided insights into the frequency and perceived effectiveness of PR strategies, while qualitative analysis offered a deeper understanding of barriers such as resource constraints and crisis communication challenges. Findings indicate that social media engagement, media relations, and CSR are widely used and perceived as effective in maintaining trust and managing organizational reputation. However, limited resources and the complexity of managing crisis communication emerged as significant barriers, impacting the consistency of engagement and trust recovery efforts post-crisis. Additionally, community-focused initiatives, particularly CSR and participative events, were highly valued by stakeholders for their positive impact on relationship-building. The study recommends a strategic PR approach that integrates digital and traditional media, invests in resources for crisis communication preparedness, and prioritizes community-centered initiatives to reinforce stakeholder trust and enhance reputation management. These strategies support a resilient reputation framework that fosters sustainable and loyal stakeholder relationships.

Abstract: The study ascertained influence of modern office technology skills on information security in public establishments in South East, Nigeria. Four research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. Survey research design was adopted for the study and 386 secretaries in 91 ministerial departments in the five states of South-East, Nigeria were studied without sampling. Two instruments namely:  Modern Office Technology Skills Questionnaire (MOTSQ), and Information Security Questionnaire (ISQ) structured in four-point scales were used for data collection. Pilot-testing was used to establish the reliability of the instruments. Cronbach Alpha method was used to obtain the reliability co-efficient and to determine the internal consistency. The values obtained was an overall reliability of 0.77 for MOTQ, while coefficient value of 0.73 was obtained for cluster D named ISQ.  Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while independent t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The study concluded based on the findings that majority of modern office technology skills on information security in public establishments in South East, Nigeria mentioned were rated to high extent. The low extent rated on cloud computing skills showed that secretaries were unable to use it to reduce security hazards in public establishments.  It was recommended among others that public establishments should provide secretaries with training and retraining programmes from time to time to help them learn new modern office technology skills like cloud computing or update existing ones that would improve their performance on information security.

Abstract: This study examined the implementation of the English curriculum with an entrepreneurial mindset in Nigerian polytechnics, focusing on course values, students’ attitudes, motivation, interest, and language skill acquisition. Using a stratified sampling technique, data were collected from 72 ND2 and HND1 students across six departments through a 30-item structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) and inferential analyses, including multiple least squares regression and ANCOVA, were conducted using SPSS. Results indicated a positive perception of the curriculum, with most respondents scoring above the acceptable cut-off (3.0–4.0). Statistically significant differences were found in key factors contributing to curriculum improvement. The model explained 97.7% of the variance (adjusted R² = 0.977), with a Durbin-Watson statistic of 1.000 indicating positive autocorrelation. ANCOVA confirmed significant differences between pre- and post-treatment variations (p < 0.05), leading to the rejection of all null hypotheses. Findings underscored the need for curriculum reforms to integrate entrepreneurial skills into language education, preparing students for the evolving labour market. The study recommended that the government and TVET institutions ensure the comprehensive implementation of this curriculum in polytechnics. Further research was suggested to assess its long-term impact on students’ employability and entrepreneurial success. This study provided empirical evidence supporting the integration of entrepreneurial skills into English education, enhancing its practical application and relevance.

Abstract— Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have paved the way for transformative solutions in healthcare, particularly for individuals with severe physical disabilities. This research presents an innovative assistive communication platform tailored to Sinhala-speaking patients in Sri Lanka, addressing the unique challenges faced by individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and spinal cord injuries (SCI). These conditions severely restrict mobility and communication, leading to social isolation and diminished quality of life. The proposed system integrates eye-gaze tracking, speech recognition, and natural language processing (NLP) technologies to provide inclusive and effective communication solutions. For ALS patients, real-time eye-gaze tracking powered by MediaPipe interprets gaze movements as inputs, processed by a dense neural network (DNN)-based chatbot that generates responses in both English and Sinhala text and voice outputs. For SCI patients, who often retain speech abilities but face physical limitations, the system leverages speech recognition and NLP to interpret spoken commands, translating them into Sinhala text and synthesized speech. The dual-system approach ensures inclusivity, catering to the larger SCI-affected population while remaining adaptable to the needs of ALS patients. Despite challenges such as precision in gaze tracking, complexities in Sinhala speech recognition, and cultural nuances in NLP, the system demonstrates significant potential to enhance independence, social inclusion, and overall quality of life for patients. Empirical validation highlights the system's effectiveness, with high accuracy in intent identification and response generation. This research underscores the importance of culturally adapted, scalable assistive technologies, offering a foundation for future innovations in underserved regions. By bridging communication barriers, this platform represents a transformative step toward empowering individuals with disabilities.

Abstract: International entrepreneurship as important contributor in global economy, still there is a dearth of knowledge regarding international entrepreneurial intention. The bibliometric analysis was carried out using the analytical tools of the Scopus database and Biblioshiny. The research literature was selected from journals listed on the Scopus database and analyzed trends in the production area of the research paper, citation trend, the contributions of authors as well as journals and top countries participation in research on international entrepreneurial intention. The intellectual structure of the research on this area was examined to provide essential insights into current advancements in this field.

Abstract: Employee welfare is a crucial component of organizational effectiveness, directly influencing productivity, job satisfaction, and overall quality of life. This study evaluates employee welfare measures and HR policies in NTPC townships, focusing on township infrastructure, maintenance services, sanitation, security, and complaint redressal mechanisms. A structured questionnaire was administered to 120 employees residing in NTPC townships, collecting data on various aspects of township facilities and employee satisfaction. The research employed descriptive statistics and a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test to analyze the uniformity of employee satisfaction across different service categories. The results indicate significant variations in satisfaction levels. While township roads (84.2%), security measures (81.7%), and water quality (79.2%) received high satisfaction ratings, civil complaint resolution (30.8%) and township building maintenance (21.7%) were the lowest-rated aspects. The Chi-square test (χ² = 70.56, df = 13, p = 0.000) confirmed a highly significant disparity, rejecting the null hypothesis that employee satisfaction is uniformly distributed across services. Sanitation services (60.8%) and horticulture maintenance (64.2%) received moderate approval, whereas weekly market arrangements (58.3%) showed notable dissatisfaction (34.2%). The study highlights key areas for improvement, including faster response times for maintenance complaints, stricter contractor supervision, enhanced waste management, structured building renovations, and improved security protocols. By addressing these concerns, NTPC can optimize township management, enhance employee well-being, and reinforce its commitment to sustainable workforce development.

Abstract: The study presents a model for the effective application of the circular economy approach to waste management on building construction sites in Southeast Nigeria. Employing a qualitative research approach, data was gathered through structured, open-ended interviews conducted with 322 key stakeholders, including contractors, clients, and consultants proportionally distributed across Anambra, Enugu, Abia, Ebonyi, and Imo States. The stakeholders, drawn from a total population of 1,653 building construction professionals, were identified through purposive sampling. The study explored current waste management practices, the primary factors influencing waste generation and disposal, the extent of utilization of recycled materials by construction firms, and the challenges associated with applying circular economy principles. The findings revealed the prevalent use of traditional waste management practices, limited adoption of recycled materials, and significant barriers such as inadequate infrastructure, low stakeholder awareness, and resistance to change. The proposed model integrates circular economy principles to address these issues. Key components of the model include enhancing waste recycling initiatives, integrating waste management plans into project planning, mitigating root causes of waste through infrastructure investment and awareness campaigns, and promoting the reuse of construction and demolition waste as secondary raw materials. The model also emphasizes fostering stakeholder collaboration, developing sustainable urban strategies, and overcoming industry resistance to circular economy adoption. The research concludes by advocating for policy development, capacity building, infrastructure investment, and stakeholder engagement to facilitate the successful implementation of the model. Recommendations for future research and practical strategies for monitoring and evaluation of waste management initiatives are also provided, emphasizing the need for continuous innovation and collaboration in the construction sector. This study offers a significant step toward achieving sustainable waste management practices and advancing the principles of the circular economy within the Nigerian construction industry.

Abstract: Membership churn brings about significant challenges to professional organizations, thus threatening their financial stability and long-term sustainability. This study investigates the perceived external determinants influence on membership churn at the Kenya Institute of Management using logistic regression. Specifically, the study evaluated the effect of economic conditions, availability of similar services and industry and professional changes on membership churn. A cross-sectional research design was employed and with data collected from 384 KIM members through structured online surveys based on quota stratified sampling. The logistic regression model identified industry changes as the most significant predictor of churn (OR = 1.51, p < 0.001) followed by economic conditions (OR = 1.28, p = 0.012). Availability of similar services was found not to be statistically significant (p = 0.071). Model evaluation by Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p = 0.8403) confirmed a good model fit supported by Nagelkerke’s R² showing that 72.2% of churn variance was explained by the perceived predictors. The findings suggest that professional organizations should strategically adapt to industry and professional shifts and economic fluctuations to reduce member churn. Implementation of flexible payment plans and differentiation of services help mitigate churn risks. This study enhances the understanding of membership dynamics in professional bodies and offering strategic insights to enhance member retention in similar organizations.

Abstract: The escalating global demand for water, alongside diminishing freshwater resources, has heightened the urgency for sustainable wastewater management solutions. Circular Economy seeks to transform wastewater from an environmental burden into a valuable resource by minimizing waste and maximizing resource recovery. This study investigates essential strategies for implementing circular economy practices, focusing on water reuse, nutrient recovery, and energy generation to foster both environmental sustainability and economic viability. It also examines the recovery of valuable resources like biogas, phosphorus, and nitrogen, which contribute to energy generation and agricultural productivity. The research further delves into policy frameworks, economic factors, and societal influences that affect the adoption of circular wastewater management practices. Emphasis is placed on the collaborative roles of governments, industries, and communities in advancing sustainable solutions and addressing implementation challenges. The integration of smart technologies, including IoT and data analytics, is highlighted as a means to optimize resource recovery and improve system efficiency. Findings suggest that adopting circular economy strategies in wastewater management can significantly reduce environmental impacts, lower operational costs, and create new economic opportunities within the water sector. Nonetheless, challenges such as technological limitations, regulatory barriers, financial constraints, and public acceptance must be addressed to fully realize these benefits. This research contributes to the expanding body of knowledge on sustainable wastewater management, offering a roadmap for policymakers, engineers, and stakeholders to develop resilient systems that support global objectives for water security, climate resilience, and resource efficiency. Future research should focus on scaling circular solutions, conducting life cycle assessments, and evaluating the long-term environmental and socio-economic impacts of these strategies.

Abstract: The study examines how different types of capital ownership affect the financial performance of publicly traded IT companies. The study also examined the relationships and effects among the selected variables. The study looked at the firm's debt-to-equity ratio, total debt-to-asset ratio, long-term debt-to-asset ratio, and short-term debt ratio. The firm's financial performance was the dependent variable. It also looked at managerial, institutional, and foreign ownership. We considered an ex-post facto research design appropriate for the study, which focused on the ten years' annual financial reports of the listed information and communication technology firms (2014-2023). The data analysis employed the multiple regression technique, panel data analysis with fixed effects, random effects, and pooled ordinary least square models. It was found that the capital and ownership structure of listed ICT companies in Nigeria have a big impact on their financial performance (FV=18.20, P<0.05; FV=7.9571, P<0.05; FV=11.7298, P<0.05; FV=12.852, P<0.05). The study concluded that capital and ownership structures are potent factors affecting the financial performance of listed ICT firms in Nigeria. The study suggests that listed ICT companies should let managers buy shares. This will encourage them to carefully handle debt to lower risks and use debt capital wisely in projects that will improve the business's long-term value and financial performance.

Abstract: Graph theory is a fundamental area of mathematics with diverse applications across multiple fields. It provides a structural framework for solving complex problems by representing objects and their relationships as graphs. In computer science, graph theory is used in networking, algorithms, and artificial intelligence. It plays a crucial role in transportation and logistics, optimizing routes and traffic flow. Social networks leverage graph models for community detection and influence analysis. In biology and medicine, graph theory aids in understanding neural connections, disease spread, and genomic structures. Additionally, it is applied in cyber security, linguistics, operations research, and chemistry. The versatility of graph theory makes it an essential tool for analysing and solving real-world problems efficiently. 

Abstract: In today’s world, one of the growing concerns is Air Pollution, due to its adverse impact on human health and environmental quality. This research paper presents the design and implementation of a Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring System measuring the Air Quality Index (AQI) using sensors such as MQ135, PM2.5, and DHT11. The ESP8266 microcontroller is used to collect and analyze data. The system is built to provide local display via LCD and remote display through a web dashboard interface. The system has buzzer alerts for local alert generation when AQI thresholds are crossed, and alert messages are generated simultaneously in the web interface. The system uses the HTTP protocol for communication and let the users download CSV files to access the previous air quality data history. The proposed model aims to develop a low-cost, real-time sensing Air Quality Monitor using widely available microcontrollers and sensors to bring awareness to every individual about the harmful living environment.

Precision Agriculture is revolutionizing modern agriculture through the utilization of advanced technologies for the optimization of crop production, minimization of environmental impact, as well as the enhancement of decision-making processes. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered drones are at the forefront of this transformation, providing innovative solutions for real-time monitoring of crop health, targeted interventions, and accurate yield prediction. This article examines the integration of AI in drone technology for the bolstering of the effectiveness of precision agriculture, focusing on its role in improving crop health assessments, early disease and pest detection, nutrient management, and yield forecasting. Additionally, the paper addressed key challenges, including data processing, scalability, and the integration of AI-powered drones with other agricultural technologies. As technology advances and becomes more affordable, the future of AI-driven drones promises to play a crucial role in shaping sustainable and efficient farming practices globally.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has transformed industrial processes by enabling the production of complex, customized, and lightweight components with high efficiency. This article explores recent innovations in AM, highlighting advancements in technologies, materials, and applications across various industries like aerospace, automotive, healthcare, construction, and manufacturing. Key developments such as metal additive manufacturing, hybrid AM techniques, multi-material printing, high-speed sintering, and large-scale were examined, emphasizing their transformative impact. Additionally, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and real-time monitoring in AM processes were discussed as means of enhancing precision, reducing defects, and optimizing production efficiency. Despite its numerous benefits, AM faces challenges related to scalability, cost, material limitations, and sustainability. However, emerging solutions continue to improve its feasibility for broader industrial adoption. The findings suggest that continuous research and technological advancements will further drive AM toward next-generation manufacturing, enhancing customization, lightweight structures, and operational efficiency. This review provides valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals seeking to leverage the latest developments in AM for industrial applications.  

Additive Manufacturing (AM), often referred to as 3D printing, is transforming the contemporary manufacturing environment through flexibility enhancement, waste identification and reduction, as well as rapid prototyping enablement. The integration of AM into Lean Production System (LPS) has the potential to improve quality and production efficiency, enhance throughput and profitability, and also minimize resource consumption. This paper systematically explores the synergy between AM and LPS which leads to not just waste reduction, but increases customization and also fosters Just-In-Time (JIT) Manufacturing. It also offers a detailed review of their impact on production processes, sustainability, and scalability. Furthermore, the paper discussed the limitations of AM and provided future directions in adopting AM within lean frameworks, and also emphasized on Industry 4.0 technologies.

Abstract: Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) has existed prior to modern technology. Military and political organizations employed OSINT to gather intelligence on their adversaries and opponents, respectively, for strategic decision making. In this era, OSINT is used both for cyber attacks by bad actors and for detecting cyber attacks. Its importance in cyber security cannot be overemphasized, especially when coupled with artificial intelligence. The objectives of the study were outlined, including delving into the basics of OSINT, its use in cyber security and investigations of some selected tools and techniques employed in OSINT. This study relies on a desk research approach, where existing data from various sources are reviewed to get background knowledge on the topic under study. The reasons for undertaking this study are also stated. The use of OSINT comes with challenges, limitations, privacy concerns, legal and ethical considerations, and OSINT threats. The study provides insights on how they are tackled, as well as OSINT applications. 

Abstract: Infections are little irresistible specialists that can reproduce inside the cells in living life form. Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) is an infection that attacks human cells, debilitates the insusceptible framework and making individuals more vulnerable to disease. The favourable environment created by such virus allows grow of its content and rapidly increases within the hosts. HIV is a progressive sickness that causes a wide range of medical problems as a result of a widening array of bodily deficiencies and also considered as a lentivirus responsible for AIDS. The progressive breakdown of safe structures and the increase of dangerous breakthrough contamination characterise such human situation. In the study we used support vector machine (SVM) with Uniprot / Swiss-prot database to know the discrimination in HIV species based on Amino Acid and Dipeptide sequences to know the proportion and suggest the doctors to inject favourable protein to overcome the contamination. This also encourages the pharmaceutical industries to produce low cost medicines to cure of such diseases and also allow the patients to recover from diseases in low cost.

Abstract: This study investigated the implicit and explicit marketing communications in the visibility of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies such as Nigeria. The methodology adopted for this study was a descriptive research design based on data collection through survey method with a sample of 320 respondents chosen by means of stratified sampling technique across market regions in Lagos state such as Yaba, Lagos Island, Oyingbo and Ikeja. Data was collected through a questionnaire administered to SMEs’ customers in selected areas in Lagos state. The data was analysed through descriptive and inferential statistical tools such as mean and standard deviation, and Regression analysis. The outcomes from this study indicated that implicit promotion such as branding and sponsorships significantly affect customer awareness interest, desire and purchase action. Furthermore, explicit promotions such as advertising, sales promotions, and public relations have a significant effect on customer awareness interest, desire and purchase action. Finally, the study found that there is a significant positive relationship between implicit and explicit promotion and customer awareness interest, desire and purchase action. In conclusion, IMC has a significant and positive effect on organisational visibility by facilitating customer awareness interest, desire and purchase action. It was recommended among other things that business owners, executives and management should prioritize the utilisation of IMC based on promotion mix elements which can enhance the creation of awareness, interests, desire and action of their products to affect consumer buying behaviour.

Abstract: This study aimed to identify and classify the errors committed by Grade 10 students of a public high school and private high school when solving word problems involving angles of elevation and depression and to determine their performance level in trigonometry. Employing sequential-explanatory and correlational designs along with qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study used Newman’s Error Hierarchical Model to analyze the errors committed by the students which included reading errors, comprehension errors, transformation errors, process skills errors, and encoding errors. Data were gathered using worksheet, summative test and interview. Results showed that students’ reading errors were very low but very high in terms of comprehension error, transformation error, process skills error and encoding error. The summative test in trigonometry revealed that majority of the students performed poorly, with only a small percentage achieving fairly satisfactory or satisfactory results. Moreover, the findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between the errors committed by the students and their performance score in trigonometry. Based on the findings, a teacher-made material with corrective instructional activities which may be adopted by mathematics teachers in addressing errors in solving word problems in trigonometry was developed.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of credit risk management practices on financial performance of MFIs in Kenya. The target population was 136 senior and middle level management staff of 14 registered MFIs in Kenya; from where Yamame’s sampling formula was applied to get a sample size of 126 respondents who were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and computed using SPSS; where descriptive and inferential statistics were generated. A total of 112 out of 126 respondents completely filled online questionnaires depicting a response rate of 88.9% which is good for generalizability of research findings to a wider population. The study concluded that credit risk management practices significantly influence the financial performance of Microfinance in Kenya. The study recommended that managers of MFIs Organizations should provide regular training for credit officers and financial managers to improve their competency in identifying, assessing, and mitigating credit risks.

Abstract: This study conducts a systematic review to investigate virtual reality's impact on purchase behavior, addressing a critical research gap. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study analyzed 113 scholarly articles from SCOPUS. Using “Antecedents – Consequences - Moderation” framework, the paper synthesizes existing knowledge to explore VR's applications across industries and consumer segments. The study finds that, VR significantly influences consumer purchase behavior, especially among young hedonic consumers. Factors like cost, convenience and VR quality impact VR adoption, while personalized entertainment enhances engagement and sales. The study presents a conceptual framework and outlines future research avenues, emphasizing VR's role in consumer’s preferences in brand. This systematic review has practical relevance. Marketers should consider VR to enhance brand engagement and influence consumer behavior. It is highly suggested to create engaging virtual reality (VR) content, customize it to align with audience preferences, and collaborate with VR specialists. Businesses may set themselves apart by creating captivating virtual experiences. The study emphasizes the substantial impact of virtual reality (VR) on customer behavior, underscoring the need of top-notch VR content and partnering with experts in VR marketing. Moreover, it highlights unexplored research prospects and offers practical insights for experts in the sector, underscoring the significant benefits of employing virtual reality technology.

Abstract: Compost fertilizers offer numerous benefits to living organisms and eco systems and it was confirmed by many more research. However, despite their positive impacts, certain compost fertilizers may pose negative impact on the environment and health due to the composition of pathogenic microorganisms. The issue remains underexplored in existing studies. Therefore, this study analyzed the selected pathogenic microorganisms present in several compost fertilizer products sold in Sri Lankan markets. Both culture-based and molecular-based techniques were used to analyze four compost fertilizers. Gram staining identified both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, while morphological analysis of LB and SDA culture media revealed the Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Candida sp. as fungi, Escherichia coli and Salmonella as bacteria. The PCR analysis confirmed the presence of a few Aspergillus species and the absence of Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora & Salmonella. The findings underscore the need for quality control to ensure the safety of compost fertilizers, since Aspergillus sp. detected poses risks to public health and the environment. Continuous evaluation is essential to enhance microbial safety standards.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of Annual temperature and Rainfall Anomalies on Maize Yields in Machakos County from 1993 to 2023. Methodology: The study utilized qualitative and quantitative data, collected through structured questionnaires as primary data and a secondary time series data template for secondary data. The target population included households, agricultural officers, and administrative officers in Matungulu East, Kaani/Kaewa, Mwala/Makutano, Ikombe, and Kangundo East wards. The sampled administrative wards contained 36,976 maize farming households selected through purposive sampling. The population was determined using Yamane's formula, resulting in a sample size of 395 maize farmers (households). Maize farming households were identified using cluster random sampling. Results:  The study found a statistically significant negative effect of temperature variability on maize yields (β=-0.054, p=0.000). This implies that a one-unit increase in temperature variability is associated with a 0.054 tones per hectare decrease in maize yields, highlighting the sensitivity of maize to temperature extremes. Conversely, rainfall variability showed a negative but statistically insignificant effect on maize yields (β=-0.020, p=0.946). This suggests that other factors, possibly adaptation strategies, may mitigate the impact of inconsistent rainfall on maize yields. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study underscores the differential impacts of temperature and rainfall variability on maize yields, emphasizing the need for targeted adaptation strategies to manage temperature fluctuations. Recommendations include promoting heat-resistant maize varieties, improving irrigation infrastructure, and enhancing water management practices. These insights contribute to agricultural planning and policy-making, aiming to enhance the resilience of farming households in Machakos County to climate variability.

Abstract: Fake news on digital platforms is a significant threat to information integrity, shaping public opinion and eroding trust in media sources. This project proposes a comprehensive approach to fake news detection using a [2]multimodal framework that combines [5]Machine learning techniques for text, images, and metadata. Unlike our approach, existing systems use [10]convolutional neural Networks (CNNs) for image analysis and [12]natural language processing (NLP) models for text analysis and metadata to get a holistic view of news content. To build a robust detection mechanism, we use a diverse dataset with real and fake news articles, manipulated images, and misleading [4]metadata. The results show a significant improvement in detection [8]accuracy over single-modal models, with high precision and [8]recall. This project not only contributes to the field of fake news detection but also highlights the importance of ethical considerations in [3]AI systems. Future work will be to extend the model to detect deepfakes and misinformation in multimedia content and apply it to real-world scenarios.

Abstract: This study explores the convergence of supply chain and finance in emerging markets of India, examining the adoption and impact of Financial Supply Chain Management (FSCM) on companies operating in these regions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the current state of FSCM practices, challenges, and opportunities in India's emerging markets by using the theories and practices of Operations Management. This study investigates the challenges faced by Indian businesses in Financial Supply Chain Management (FSCM) and explores the effectiveness of customized Operations Management (OM) solutions in addressing these challenges. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for Indian businesses seeking to improve their FSCM practices and overcome the challenges faced in this area. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses to investigate the adoption and impact of Financial Supply Management (FSM) among Indian companies. A structured survey was administered to a sample of 100 companies across various industries, gathering data on FSM adoption, implementation duration, revenue growth, and related insights. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics and inferential tests, including correlation and ANOVA analyses. Qualitative analysis entailed thematic analysis to identify key drivers, challenges, and best practices associated with FSM adoption, supplemented by case studies of successful implementations. The study contributes to the existing literature on FSCM by highlighting the need for companies to develop strategies to overcome these challenges and leverage the benefits of FSCM. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and scholars seeking to understand the complexities of FSCM in emerging markets.

In this study, analysis and stabilisation of four road-cut slopes in the lesser Himalayan region near Mussoorie, along Dehradun- Mussoorie Road, are investigated using the shotcreting and rock bolting technique. The rocks studied are calcareous in nature with varying rock mass properties. The exposure is along the road cuts with slope varying from 700 to 900, showing toppling to wedge failure. The stability analysis is performed through the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Factor of Safety (FOS) is evaluated using the Shear Strength Reduction Technique. The evaluation considers various conditions, including unreinforced slopes and slopes reinforced with rock bolts and shotcrete, to thoroughly assess the effectiveness of rock bolting in enhancing stability. The results indicate that rock bolting combined with shotcreting improves slope stability by approximately 10–40% across the different slopes analyzed.

Abstract: This study examines the impact of inflation on the financial performance of consumer goods companies in Nigeria, focusing on Nestle Nigeria from 2000 to 2023. Employing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and hypothesis testing, the research investigates the relationships between key financial metrics, including Return on Equity (ROE), Consumer Price Index (CPI), interest rates, and money supply. The analysis reveals a significant negative correlation between inflation and profitability, highlighting the adverse effects of rising inflation on operational costs and financial outcomes. Additionally, a positive correlation between interest rates and ROE suggests that strategic financial planning can mitigate some inflationary pressures. The findings confirm that inflation significantly affects profitability and pricing strategies, although its impact on cost structure is less pronounced. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers and corporate managers, emphasizing the importance of robust cost management, financial risk mitigation, and adaptive pricing strategies to navigate economic volatility in Nigeria’s consumer goods sector. Future research is recommended to further explore these complex dynamics and their implications for corporate strategies in varying economic settings.

Abstract: The Arunthathiyar community in Tamil Nadu, historically marginalized and socially excluded, faces significant challenges in accessing economic opportunities, which exacerbates their vulnerability to poverty. As a Dalit group, the Arunthathiyars have been subjected to caste-based discrimination, limiting their access to education, employment, land, and financial resources. This paper examines the impact of economic opportunity on poverty reduction in the Arunthathiyar community, with a focus on gendered disparities within this group. The first section analyzes key economic opportunities available to both men and women in the Arunthathiyar community, including access to education, employment, skill development, and microfinance. While economic growth in Tamil Nadu has resulted in some improvements, women within the community continue to face compounded challenges due to both caste and gender discrimination. Limited access to formal financial services, restricted mobility, and societal norms that confine women to unpaid labour hinder their economic participation. The second part of the paper explores successful initiatives that have targeted both caste and gender inequalities, such as government schemes for skill development, women’s self-help groups (SHGs), and microcredit programs tailored to Dalit women. These programs have enabled women in the Arunthathiyar community to access economic opportunities, improve household incomes, and gain greater autonomy, thereby contributing to poverty alleviation. The paper concludes by arguing that addressing both caste and gender-based barriers is crucial for fostering sustainable poverty reduction. Empowering Arunthathiyar women through enhanced economic opportunities can lead to long-term social and economic mobility, benefiting both the community and broader society in Tamil Nadu.

This study aims to examine the effect of online global collaboration on the learning outcomes of Grade 7 students in Southeast Asian arts at General Santos City SPED Integrated School. Globalization and digitalization are reshaping education, creating both opportunities and challenges in preserving Southeast Asian arts. Many young learners are losing connection to their artistic heritage due to the dominance of modern entertainment and limited cultural exposure in traditional classrooms. To address this, online global classroom collaboration can enhance students' proficiency in Southeast Asian arts while developing 21st-century skills such as digital literacy, cultural awareness, and cross-cultural communication. This study used a quasi-experimental research design involving Grade 7 PLA (Personalized Learning Approach) and Grade 7 SPA (Special Program in the Arts) students from General Santos City SPED Integrated School. The experimental group (G7 PLA students) participated in online collaborations with students from other countries, while the control group (G7 SPA students) followed traditional classroom instruction. A purposive sampling method was used to select respondents. Data were collected through pretests and post-tests, classroom observations, and a researcher-made questionnaire measuring motivation, engagement, and communication skills.Findings revealed that students in the experimental group (G7 PLA students) showed significant improvement in cross-cultural communication, motivation, and engagement. Their post-test scores were notably higher than those of the control group, indicating the effectiveness of online collaboration in enhancing their learning experience.The study highlights the potential of integrating online collaboration in arts education to foster cultural appreciation and engagement. Educational institutions should adopt blended learning approaches and provide teacher training in digital pedagogy to support effective online instruction.

The present research paper represents the diversity of jumping spiders in Shraddha Public School Campus, Gariaband. In this study, for continuing two months (October 2025- November 2024), the spiders found in the campus were recorded using direct visual method. All the collected specimens were identified using standard spider taxonomy keys. The identification revealed that 15 species of jumping spiders were recorded from the campus belonging to 12 genus. This study provides fundamental knowledge about 15 species of jumping spiders falling under the same group family Salticidae found in the campus which will help in understanding the diversity of jumping spiders found in Chhattisgarh.

The Internet of Things (IoT) integration with agriculture has brought revolutionary changes to the field of data collection and analysis through agricultural evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring. IoT data logging systems integrate advanced sensors with wireless networks and cloud computing which enable real-time monitoring of soil moisture as well as soil temperature and humidity and atmospheric environmental conditions. Through innovative technological developments farmers can establish precise irrigation systems that enhance water resources and yield production and respond effectively to environmental changes. The Internet of Things delivers essential functions for precise agriculture by enabling automatic data acquisition and distant system monitoring basics for better decision-making. Current advancements in ET technologies involve the manufacturing of advanced sensors which combine high accuracy capabilities with low power consumption while using advanced communication systems with extensive range capabilities and artificial intelligence systems for forecasting ET estimations. The slow adoption rate of IoT in agriculture is affected by several barriers including the high costs of implementation as well as rural area network connectivity problems and security risks related to data protection. Better future research will concentrate on sensor price reduction along with better network infrastructure and AI algorithms for optimizing ET prediction accuracy. Increasing reliability along with efficiency in IoT agricultural systems requires tackling these specific issues. The potential of monitoring ET rates through IoT technology shows great promise to transform how farmers manage their water supply. Global food security becomes more sustainable through IoT enabled data-driven irrigation which reduces water wastage and enables superior crop production.

Abstract: This study focused on End Users Complaint and Design Input of Information Technology Projects in Lagos State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to test how significantly end users’ complaints of ITPs impact on the software developers understanding of the users’ needs in Lagos State. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The targeted population consisted of 268 staffs of five selected firms in Lagos State distributed across various categories. Using the Taro Yamane sample size formula, a sample size of 161 was drawn from the population The researcher adopted the convenience sampling technique to select the choice of firm by selecting them based on their closeness to the researcher. The sample was stratified to ensure that all the members of the population were adequately represented. A random sampling technique was used in each stratum. Data was collected through a self-developed questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using inferential statistics using SPSS (Statistical Package for the social sciences). The findings revealed among others that, the regression coefficient for the 'End' variable is positive (.226), suggesting that an increase in the frequency of end-user complaints is associated with a slight increase in the perceived impact on ITP design changes for the selected firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. It was therefore recommended among others that software firms in Lagos should diversify their approaches to understanding and responding to user needs.

Though, public procurement process is one of the main strategic pillars of good governance and service delivery, it is also one of the most vulnerable activities of government as the number of litigations against Nigeria both locally and internationally of which Enron and Enron Nigeria Power Holdings are typical example. Earlier assessment of Enron electrification activities around the world shows that most of researches and stakeholders focused on the legal aspect and implication, corporate governance, and on audit and finacial fruad. This study examined the causes of the project failure from the procurment angle.  This study adopted qualitative analytical technique, using an exploratory research design. Secondary data were extracted from case file in courts, researches and articles on stakeholders’ website. This study deduced among others that, Single Source or Sole Sourcing was used without following the condition required for its used. It also observed that, none of the procurement process was considered before the power purchase agreement was signed. The study thus recommended among others that, core principles of sole sourcing should be use if it should be adopted or adapted in any procurement process to improve the negotiating power of the project owner and the review of the 2007 procurement act by procurement expert to address the lapses that could cause further litigations

Biodiversity is important in the preservation of ecological balance, and faunal diversity in any area is a reflection of its ecological health. Kesnand-Wadebolhai, being in Pune District, Maharashtra, supports varied habitats like cropland, grassland, and human habitation and hence is an ecologically important place. This research intends to record the faunal diversity of this area, emphasizing species richness and ecological importance. Field surveys involved direct observation, pitfall trap, and opportunistic sampling methods. Species were identified using standard taxonomic keys and literature at hand. There were 47 species from several taxonomic groups, such as Insecta, Arachnida, Chilopoda, Malacostraca, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. The checklist gives clues to the diversity and distribution of the species that can be included in baseline ecological studies in the future. The findings indicate a rich collection of insects, arachnids, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals with key species like Apis dorsata (Giant Honey Bee), Mesobuthus tamulus tamulus (Indian Red Scorpion), Naja naja (Cobra), and Corvus splendens (House Crow). The diversity of these species shows the presence of a well-balanced ecosystem, but growing urbanization is a likely threat to biodiversity. The research highlights the need for conservation measures to safeguard the faunal richness of Kesnand-Wadebolhai. Knowledge of species distribution and their ecological functions can help in formulating biodiversity conservation and sustainable land-use planning strategies. Additional studies and ongoing monitoring are suggested to evaluate long-term environmental alterations and their effects on the fauna of the region.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming mathematics by automating theorem proving, enhancing computational efficiency, and uncovering new patterns in mathematical structures. AI-powered tools, such as machine learning algorithms and symbolic computation systems, assist researchers in solving complex problems, verifying proofs, and generating novel conjectures. These advancements accelerate mathematical discovery and reduce human error in research. Beyond research, AI improves mathematical education by enabling personalized tutoring and adaptive learning. It also plays a crucial role in applied mathematics, optimizing solutions in cryptography, physics, and engineering. However, challenges persist, including the interpretability of AI-generated proofs, dependence on large datasets, and ethical concerns regarding AI’s role in creativity.

Abstract- Forests are always depleted by human activities. The study focused on the deterioration of the Ikeji-ipetu forest reserve, Osun State. Concurrent methods of data collection were used in this study. Sampled plots of 10 m×10 m was delineated in the forest reserve, the woody species were identified, and the woody tree variables such as height and circumference were measured using an altimeter. The woody tree species were classified into different categories using the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). The qualitative method employed was focus group discussion sessions of five elderly people between 45 years and above from one of the communities nearest to the Forest Reserve. The secondary data included a map on a scale of 1:50,000 and satellite imageries ArcGIS 10.1 of 1986 to 2016 of the study area. The study revealed the most abundant woody species was Gmelina arborea (29.9%). The Landsat TM of 1986 showed that the undisturbed land was 88% and that of 2016 (74.86%) with a difference of (13.14%). The average nitrogen value was 22.75 mg/l in forest land and 13.66 mg/l in cultivated land. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content -analysis. A re-afforestation scheme was such as forest regrowth, and regeneration, sustainable resources management practices, and implementation of policies and regulations against illegal logging were some of the few restoration strategies suggested.

Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of Bangladesh's national economy. This sector plays an important role in developing our country's economy. SMEs provide low-cost employment opportunities and render flexibility to the economy. In policy strategies, smooth and sustainable development of SMEs nationwide will be used to alleviate poverty and create more jobs; however, there are regional disparities. To gather the data for this paper, a questionnaire was administered, and SPSS 20 version software was utilized to analyze the results. Therefore, the paper aims to analyze the different problems, opportunities, and difficulties associated with financing this particular sector in Kishoreganj and identify solutions. Additionally, it will review relevant literature and reports and make recommendations for supporting measures to ensure that this highly promising industrial sector operates in a fully productive way.

Abstract: Production and quality evaluation of jam produced from pineapple fruit was carried out. A sample of jam was made from fresh pineapple fruit and a conventional fruit jam was procured from the open shelf market. Both samples were subjected to quality evaluation which included physico-chemical, minerals, vitamin A and vitamin C and sensory properties evaluation. Statistically, student T-test was used to analyze results obtained from physico-chemical and sensory analyses. The results obtained in this work showed that mean values of physico-chemicals, minerals and vitamins studied were different (p<0.05) as compared. Physico-chemical properties: 19.76% moisture, and 1.04% crude fiber of prepared pineapple jam were significantly (p<0.05) higher than 17.01% moisture and 0.88% crude fiber of conventional fruit jam sample. Minerals such as 3.58mg100g-1 magnesium, 5.07mg100g-1 calcium, 4.83mg100g-1 potassium and 0.85mg100g-1 iron of prepared pineapple jam were higher than (mg100g-1) 2.45, 3.85, 1.71, and 0.33 of the same minerals content of conventional fruit jam. However, 2.56 µgg-1 β-carotene content of conventional fruit jam was higher compared with 1.73 µgg-1 β-carotene prepared pineapple jam but lower in vitamin C 7.61mg/100g. Sensory evaluation showed that prepared pineapple jam sample with mean score 7.50 overall acceptability was preferred well than conventional fruit jam sample. Indication from this study revealed that homemade or laboratory prepared jam from pineapple fruit can compete favorably with conventional or imported jam in the market.

Abstract: IoT (Interent of Things) driven smart healthcare is transforming patient care through connected devices and real-time data. The evidence leans toward applications like remote monitoring and telemedicine, but challenges such as data security and cost remain significant. An unexpected detail is the potential for IoT to bridge global health equity gaps, particularly in underserved regions .Current trends include remote patient monitoring and smart hospitals. Telemedicine is expanding, connecting patients with providers virtually. Future prospects involve personalized medicine and. Blockchain (BChain) and Artificial intelligence (AI) could enhance data security, while ambient intelligence improves care. It seems likely that future prospects include personalized medicine and advanced networks like 5G/6G, enhancing global health access.  However there are lot things related to IoT for smart healthcare, but this paper exploring topics around technologies, challenges, and opportunities.

Abstract: Women’s safety remains a critical global issue, necessitating innovative solutions that offer real-time protection while ensuring privacy. This paper proposes a Smart Pendant that leverages Federated Learning to enhance security through decentralized, privacy-preserving intelligence. The device integrates biometric sensors, motion detection, and audio analysis to detect distress situations and automatically trigger emergency alerts without requiring manual intervention. Unlike traditional safety solutions that rely on centralized data processing, federated learning enables local model training, ensuring data security and personalized threat detection while continuously improving performance. The proposed system incorporates GPS tracking, real-time communication, and AI-driven threat assessment, allowing seamless interaction with emergency contacts and law enforcement. By utilizing federated learning, the smart pendant adapts to diverse user environments and behaviors, enhancing its ability to detect potential threats more accurately over time. This paper explores the technical framework, implementation challenges, and benefits of the proposed system, demonstrating how wearable technology powered by federated learning can significantly improve women’s safety.

Abstract: e-Governance 4.0 represents a paradigm shift in public administration, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to create a seamless, efficient, and sustainable governance framework. The Maha Kumbh Mela, one of the world's largest religious congregations, presents unique challenges in crowd management, security, resource allocation, and environmental sustainability. This study explores the role of AI and IoT in transforming the governance of Maha Kumbh through real-time data analytics, automated decision-making, and predictive management. AI-driven surveillance, IoT-enabled smart infrastructure, and blockchain-based digital services ensure enhanced security, optimised traffic control, and effective waste management. Additionally, AI-powered chatbots and digital platforms improve pilgrim engagement, while sustainable IoT solutions contribute to environmental conservation. By integrating these advanced technologies, e-Governance 4.0 fosters a resilient, adaptive, and citizen-centric approach to managing large-scale events. This paper highlights key technological innovations and policy recommendations for implementing AI- and IoT-driven governance models in future mega-events. Leveraging innovations in artificial intelligence (AI), the IoT, blockchain, and cloud computing, organizers may develop an integrated system designed to enhance safety, streamline logistics, and improve the overall pilgrim experience. This paper outlines the methods and lessons learned, to propose a conceptual framework for managing future mass gatherings.

Abstract: Gender-based violence pertains to violence perpetrated against individuals, regardless of being male or female, because of their sex or socially established gender roles; however, when violence targets men due to their gender, it is known as gender-based violence against men. Gender-based violence includes in its ambit intimate partner violence, domestic violence. Historically, our society has been ruled by men, and it is commonly believed that only women are the victims of gender-based violence while men are seen as the perpetrators; however, the reality that men can also become victim of gender-based violence at the hands of others is largely overlooked and unrecognized. Gender-based violence directed at men is a concern that hampers gender equality, which is one of the objectives of sustainable development, and continues to be one of the most serious human rights violations in all societies. Men are not given any statutory protection against domestic violence or other form of abuse either in India or United States i.e. laws in India as well as in USA fails to acknowledge any kind of gender-based violence against men. Statues related to Gender-based violence only revolves around women leaving men as unnoticed victims. Authors in this paper seeks to make comparative analysis with respect to existence and kinds of Gender-based violence against men in India as well as in USA like physical abuse, psychological abuse, economic abuse and sexual abuse etc. Focus is to analyse causes and consequences of Gender-based violence against men.

Abstract:  This study explores the feasibility of developing sustainable composite brake pads for automotive applications using locally available raw materials. A numerical modeling approach with ANSYS is employed to simulate the performance of a hybrid composite material composed of phenolic resin as the binder, graphite as the lubricant, coconut fiber as the reinforcement, aluminum oxide as the abrasive, and a combination of palm slag and sawdust as fillers. Five different formulations were developed using the rule of mixture, maintaining a composition of 40% filler, 20% binder, 20% reinforcement, 10% lubricant, and 10% abrasive. The simulation evaluates key performance characteristics, including frictional behaviour, wear resistance, hardness, and thermal conductivity under various braking conditions. Results indicate that the proposed composite exhibits promising properties, such as stable frictional performance, enhanced hardness, reduced wear rate, and improved thermal management. By utilizing locally sourced materials like coconut fiber, palm slag, and sawdust, this research highlights a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional brake pad materials. The findings contribute to sustainable manufacturing practices in the automotive sector while promoting the reduction of industrial waste.

Abstract The right to a healthy and safe working environment is recognised as a fundamental right for individuals in professional life. In recent years, as has been observed in the rest of the world, the importance attributed to occupational health and safety has been increasing in our country. In response to mounting demands, numerous industrial sectors have undergone development, notably the automotive industry. This expansion within the automotive sector has also contributed to the growth of the automotive subsidiary industry. The inherent risks associated with automotive subsidiary factories, which involve multiple processes, have been a subject of increasing concern. Employees in automotive subsidiary factories, particularly those in metal processing plants, are susceptible to numerous risks that can result in occupational accidents and various occupational diseases. This study aims to identify the risks in the automotive subsidiary industry and propose solutions to enhance worker safety in this sector. In 2023, a total of 15,873 occupational accidents occurred in the automotive subsidiary industry, and 41 employees were diagnosed with occupational diseases. This underscores the importance of the present research. The study was conducted in an automotive spare parts factory that produces stabiliser bars, hood rods, and springs. A comprehensive analysis of the risks encountered by workers during production was conducted using the Fine-Kinney risk analysis method, and the obtained results were evaluated. The scope of the study encompassed risks arising throughout the entire production process, from the intake of raw materials to the shipment of finished products. Recommendations were provided to address the identified risks. The risk analysis yielded a total of 66 risks, for which 66 corrective and preventive actions were proposed to mitigate these risks.

Abstract: Conventional models of petroleum source rock development have focused on the balance of productivity and preservation, and how various factors, such as upwelling and restriction, impact those processes. Yet, the critical question of why source rocks occur at particular moments in geological time has not been satisfactorily addressed. New alternative mechanisms of source rock formation are being postulated, which could have implications. These hypotheses involve the short-lived (<1 Ma) changes in the Earth’s atmosphere-hydrosphere system driven by catastrophic events of global reach, which result from the emplacement of Large Igneous Province(LIPs). These new conceptual models offer an improved framework for source rock prediction and understanding source rock properties. The duplex model of both the legacy and the proposed model for petroleum source rock must drive the petroleum exploration strategy. The new conceptual model has the capability to reveal previously overlooked petroliferous basins, particularly those currently assigned low priority, such as the Bay of Bengal and Kerala Basins. This short paper has addressed this topic in some detail.

Abstract: Research and Development (R&D) plays a pivotal role in driving high-tech exports, serving as a key determinant of a nation's global competitiveness and economic growth. While factors such as infrastructure, trade policies, human capital, foreign direct investment (FDI), and financial support contribute to high-tech exports, continuous innovation remains the primary driver of success. Efficient infrastructure, favorable trade policies, and skilled labor enhance a nation's export potential, but while infrastructure and trade policies create enabling conditions, only sustained innovation—fueled by R&D—translates these foundations into competitive advantages in high-tech export markets, these factors alone cannot ensure long-term competitiveness. Various types of R&D—including applied research, product development, process innovation, collaborative R&D, and market-driven research—are essential in fostering technological advancements, improving cost efficiency, and aligning with global consumer trends. A strategic and well-integrated R&D ecosystem enables firms to sustain their competitive advantage and expand their footprint in the global high-tech market. To achieve long-term economic sustainability, nations must prioritize R&D policies that foster innovation, ensuring resilience and growth in an increasingly technology-driven world.

Abstract: In today's digital era, data is increasingly viewed as the new "green gold," making robust information security more critical than ever. This research investigates modern encryption algorithms alongside comprehensive risk management strategies to protect enterprise data. By systematically comparing symmetric, asymmetric, and hash-based encryption methods, the study reveals the inherent trade-offs between computational performance and security. A multifaceted methodology—combining literature review, algorithmic evaluation, multivariate risk assessment, and real-world case studies—is employed to examine advanced encryption techniques such as Twofish, RC6, AES, RSA, and ECC. Additionally, emerging challenges, including the threats posed by quantum computing and the energy constraints of IoT and cloud environments, are discussed. The findings underscore the necessity of a balanced encryption strategy integrated with robust risk management practices to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practical applications aimed at enhancing data protection in an ever-evolving digital landscape.

Abstract: Background: The term e-government has become popular, especially in recent years. Governments around the world have sought to integrate technology into the way they operate and the way they serve their citizens. A number of countries in the developing world are in the process of implementing e-Government initiatives to help improve service delivery and provide better opportunities for their citizenry with the objective of improving governance.. The study’s objective was to establish how e-Government adoption contributes to public service organizations’ performance in developing countries specifically focusing on Process efficiency and effectiveness, compliance with government policies and Service Quality and Accessibility. The study was anchored on two theories; Technology acceptance Model (TAM) and Social Systems theory. They are best suited for this study because they collectively explain how individual acceptance of e-Government technologies (TAM) and broader organizational and social dynamics (Social Systems Theory) influence the performance of public service organizations in developing countries like Kenya.

Abstract: Climate change, population growth, and anthropogenic pollution have intensified water depletion and contamination, making water scarcity a critical global issue. Periodic assessment of freshwater quality is essential for developing protection strategies. In this study, the water quality of Ode Lake, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, was evaluated over two years (Feb 2022 – Oct 2023) using 19 physico-chemical parameters to assess potability and usability. The following water parameters were analyzed in the study to check pollution load on freshwater source – Temp, pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD, Ca, Cl, F, Mg, Na, NH3, NO3, SO4, TA, TDS, TH, TSS, TC. Samples were collected seasonally from February 2022 to October 2023. Laboratory analysis of sample was performed using methods mentioned by IS:3025 and APHA. Results obtained were statistically analyzed to understand characteristics of each parameter of the water body. Pearson correlation matrix was obtained, BISWQI was calculated, and water was classified for each season. Suitability of water for various purposes were determined using CPCB’s ‘Designated Best Use’ guideline. Most of the parameters were within the standard limit set by BIS & WHO. The mean BISWQI of Ode Lake is 90 (SD = 18.9) and Ode Lake water is categorized as ‘Good’. Although water quality being ‘Good’, visible evidence of pollution was found and as per DBU guideline by CPCB, the water is usable for the purpose of irrigation and fisheries. Due to high levels of coliform, BOD and COD, organic pollution in the lake is evident, mainly caused by sewage input and waste disposal. Use of water for drinking purposes without adequate treatment must be avoided due to high coliform levels.

Abstract: In this paper, the Pade approximation method was´ derived using the Taylor series, the condition at infinity is applied to the corresponding Pade approximation to the obtained´ series solution. We derived the solution of linear singularly perturbed second-order boundary value problems by dividing the problem into an inner region problem and outer region problem; expressing the inner and outer solution as asymptotic expansion; equating various terms in the inner and outer expressions to determine the constants in these expression; and combining the inner and outer solutions in some fashion to obtain a uniformly valid solution. The analysis of the results is drawn where we compare our results with the exact solution and also with the results of other authors. Finally, we observed that our proposed method is the same as the exact solution and is more efficient compared with the i-th order method.

Abstract: Pollutants generated from landfill operations, including airborne substances and odors, can adversely affect human health and the overall well-being of communities, highlighting the need for effective management and regulation. Additionally, the dispersion of odors in proximity to landfills can provoke public complaints regarding air quality and increase social tensions. Consequently, we conducted an investigation into the effects of odor and health on commuters and residents living near the Obiri-Ikwerre solid waste dumpsite in Port Harcourt, utilizing a quasi-experimental research design. A survey questionnaire was distributed to supplement the field data collected. We also tested three hypotheses using ANOVA and the Chi-square analytical method. This process involved assessing odor concentrations with a series of calibrated portable air quality monitoring devices. Geographically, the landfill exhibited the highest concentrations of NO2 (0.28±0.00a ppm), CO (43.0±0.45a ppm), NH3 (6.78±0.16a ppm), H2S (10.51±0.01a ppm), PM2.5 (129.66±5.00a μg/m3), and PM10 (128.7±6.50a μg/m3). The temperature ranged from 27.04ºC to 32.07ºC, with relative humidity levels between 82.47% and 95.70%, while wind speeds fluctuated from 3.06 to 1.32. During various times of the day, evening measurements showed elevated concentrations of CO (52.60±0.69 ppm), NO2 (17.20±0.11 ppm), NH3 (9.23±1.17 ppm), H2S (17.20±0.11 ppm), CH4 (19.57±0.08 ppm), PM2.5 (133.45±9.53 μg/m3), and PM10 (143.23±17.15 ppm). The results reveal that the odor concentration at location 1 (Obiri/Ikwerre Aluu Road) and location 3 (4th Avenue, SAR Road) significantly surpasses the acceptable range of 10-15 ou/m3, with an average measurement of 109.75±39.46 ou/m3. Odor concentration levels recorded at distances of 5.2 km and 8 km from the dumpsite were 18.97±10.84 ou/m3 and 10.97±10.50 ou/m3, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of odors fluctuated with the distance from the landfill. As a result, the air quality near the dumpsite is deemed to be contaminated. This has led to a prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and skin rashes among the local population. Thus, the municipal solid waste dumpsite poses both environmental and health risks to individuals living near the Port Harcourt airport road dumpsite. In light of this, the study advocates for the placement of waste disposal sites to adhere to established regulations and recommends prohibiting the establishment of residential areas within a 3 km radius of any dumpsite. These findings carry important implications for air pollution monitoring, providing essential data for tracking future air quality trends in the region.

Abstract– This study reports the design and validation of tangible mathematics materials for enhancing grade 7 students' understanding of rational numbers, identified as the most challenging topic in a preceding needs assessment. Using design-based research methodology with iterative refinement, we developed acrylic manipulatives (fraction circles, bars, tiles, and operational pieces) featuring systematic color-coding and movable connections. Validation by five mathematics education experts yielded exceptional ratings for content quality (37.8/40), technical accuracy (16/16), and instructional design (22/24). Teacher feedback confirmed the materials' effectiveness for concept visualization while suggesting physical enhancements. Preliminary testing with 84 students demonstrated significant performance improvements in the experimental group using manipulatives compared to controls. Both quantitative data and classroom observations confirmed enhanced understanding, engagement, and problem-solving abilities with the tangible approach. These findings establish a strong foundation for implementing tangible mathematics in grade 7 classrooms, addressing the critical transition from concrete to abstract mathematical thinking.

Abstract— Programming anxiety is a recognized challenge in computer studies, often affecting students’ academic performance and retention. Addressing this issue requires a structured and technology-driven approach that enables faculty to identify at-risk students and implement targeted academic interventions. This study aimed to provide a solution by developing a web-based system that integrates predictive analytics to support decision-making. Specifically, it incorporated a pre-developed machine learning-based prediction model, automate student group formation using a custom heterogeneous algorithm, and featured a data visualization dashboard for faculty analysis. The system was developed using the Spiral Model to ensure iterative improvements and was evaluated based on the ISO/IEC 25010 Software Quality Model, focusing on key software quality attributes. Expert evaluation of the system’s performance resulted in a grand mean score of 3.70, indicating strong quality across all metrics. The findings demonstrate that the developed system effectively integrates predictive analytics to assist higher education institutions in addressing programming anxiety. By enabling real-time identification of at-risk students and facilitating structured academic support, the system contributes to the fields of educational technology and learning analytics, offering a scalable solution for improving student outcomes in computing education.

Abstract: Air quality assessment is crucial for environmental monitoring, public health and decision-making. Air quality does not depend solely on the concentration of certain gasses; rather, it is also influenced by other pollutants that are challenging to measure individually for further investigations. In this study, we used the UCI Air Quality dataset, which included key pollutants such as CO, NO₂, NOx, benzene, temperature, humidity and sensor data for other forms of pollutants. We proposed a novel labeling scheme based on weighted pollutant concentrations, enabling more precise air quality classification into Good, Moderate, and Unhealthy categories. After that, we evaluated five supervised learning models—Random Forest, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Gradient Boosting—for classification, considering all types of measured pollutants, and assessed their performance using accuracy, confusion matrices, classification reports, and ROC-AUC curves. Our research also highlights the potential of AI-driven techniques in comprehensive air quality assessment as well as real-time air pollution prediction and classification for environmental protection.

Nowadays, microplastics are a major environmental concern as it is entering the food chain through the ecosystem. In this review we have focuses on the current understanding of microplastics in food and their potential health risks to humans. Such tiny plastic particles are found in various food items like beverages, salt, milk, packaged drinking water, packaged and processed food items, seafood etc. The prevalent presence of microplastics results from the breakdown of larger plastic waste and from direct release of microplastics during food production, processing, supply and serving. The intake of microplastics can lead to several health problems including oxidative stress, excretory problems, immune system related issues and potential carcinogenic impact. Numerous studies show that microplastics contain harmful chemicals and pathogens, which increase health risks. The toxic effects of microplastics depend on their size, shape and chemical composition. As smaller particles can pass through the body’s protective barriers, causing damage to organs. This review provides insights into research work and highlights the urgent need for further research on the effects of microplastics on human health and also calls for action to reduce plastic pollution in our food.

Abstract— This study focuses on the computation of flow using the Conveyance Estimation System (CES). It presents findings derived from field measurements conducted in frequently flooded natural rivers, including stage-discharge relationships, variations in flow resistance with depth, apparent friction factors, and composite friction factors. The results highlight the complexities of flow resistance in natural rivers, mainly due to interactions between the main channel and floodplain flow. Accurately estimating conveyance plays a crucial role in flood management, water level prediction, and flood defense planning. Most river modeling software incorporates conveyance estimation methods, many of which are based on research conducted over five decades ago, often neglecting recent advancements. In 2001, the Environment Agency initiated a scoping study to reduce uncertainty in conveyance estimation. This paper discusses key conclusions from that study, addressing the diverse needs of users and gaps in existing knowledge. Additionally, it outlines a targeted research program aimed at enhancing river capacity management. Currently, this research initiative is being carried out in collaboration with academic researchers, industry experts, and stakeholders. Critical factors under investigation include the impact of riverine vegetation, the influence of natural or restructured channels, and interactions between river channels and floodplains. The program’s ultimate goal is to develop an open-source CES, integrated with modeling tools. This system features a roughness advisor that grants access to extensive knowledge on river resistance estimation. Furthermore, the study examines flow parameters such as depth-averaged velocity, bed shear stress distribution, stage-discharge relationships, Froude number, and average velocity conveyance concerning flow depth. The findings reveal how these parameters vary under different river conditions.

Abstract Institutions of Higher Learning, including the Malawi School of Government, rely heavily on tuition fees for operational sustainability. Efficient accounts receivable management is crucial for timely collection of these fees and maintaining financial stability. This paper explores the importance of efficient tuition fee management, examines the challenges faced by Institutions of Higher Learning in managing tuition fee accounts receivable, and proposes strategies for improvement. Findings reveal that Institutions of Higher Learning face challenges such as delayed payments, default, inadequate record-keeping, administrative complexity, high transaction volumes, lack of proactive communication, credit risk, disputes and deductions, cash flow forecasting challenges, inefficient processes, and limited use of technology. This paper recommends implementing strategies such as flexible payment plans, automated billing and payment systems, proactive follow-up mechanisms, enhanced communication with students, and improved record-keeping to enhance tuition receivables management at MSG. By implementing these strategies, MSG can enhance its financial stability and sustainability, improve operational efficiency and provide seamless student experience.

  In terms of the importance of establishing mega multi-story constructions that considers the impact of seismic action, this research was initiated with the objective of verifying the soil ability to stabilize such structures, while considering the impact of changing the natural frequency of the structure itself, in view of soil type. After setting the research objectives, a methodology was set to encompass 5 investigations. Throughout the Theoretical Investigation, literature in the field of multi-story structure response to seismic action and the numerical models that simulates such structures. During the Numerical Investigation, the available numerical models were scrutinized, from which PLAXIS 2D was selected to be implemented. Moreover, a numerical analysis technique was elaborated. Furthermore, the representation of the various elements was expounded for both the soil and the structure. All through the Analytical Investigation, PLAXIS 2D investigated the structure response to the cases of soil presence and soil absence. During modeling the soil absence, several soil variables were considered (i.e. soil elasticity and soil depth) and many structure variables were taken into account (i.e. height to width ratio and the structure foundation). During the Inferential Investigation, conclusions were deduced, where the research results highlighted the importance of considering the foundation rigidity. Moreover, the research suggested recommendations for future research, where it was advised to investigate the soil data experimentally. Moreover, the research suggested some recommendations for the Engineering Practice, where it was advised to implement three-dimensional Finite Element Models “FE” to simulate structures with surrounding soil.

Abstract Industry regulators and enforcers demand the accounting profession transform to one that adopts more progressive models for fraud detection, prevention and risk mitigation as financial fraud becomes increasingly strategic. This adolescence explores the strategic role of false knowledge (AI) in changing fraud detection and risk management practices in accounting. By reviewing current AI applications, especially those employing machine learning models to identify anomalies or irregularities in financial data, this research assesses the potential for using these technologies to improve the timeliness and reliability of fraudulent activity detection. Now, we want to share insights from recent case studies and performance data that illustrate how AI enhances traditional audit processes and helps improve financial oversight in general. The study also discusses challenges to implementation, such as data governance, model explainability and organizational readiness. AI systems can provide tremendous potential in increasing the quality of audit, ensuring strong internal controls and facilitating proactive financial risk management, our findings indicate. The paper also presents applications you can use to incorporate such AI technologies into your fraud prevention framework, along with practical recommendations for business executives and accounting professionals.

Abstract: This work examines the effect of exchange rate dynamics on trade openness and foreign direct investment in regards to Nigeria. This work examines Exchange rate as a pivotal macroeconomic variable used as a parameter for determining international competitiveness and it serves as an indicator of competitiveness for any country’s currency. The study employed ex-post facto design, data spanning from 1986-2023 was gotten from the CBN statistical bulletin and the study employed the Robust Least Square model, alongside other econometric tools, like the, Jarque-Bera statistic and Augmented Dickey fuller, in testing the following variables, exchange rate, trade openness and foreign direct investment. The findings revealed that exchange rate has a significant negative effect on trade openness in Nigeria and a significant positive effect on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nigeria. The work concludes that the negative relationship between exchange rate and trade openness suggests that currency depreciation reduces trade openness in Nigeria, indicating that as the Naira depreciates, international trade declines while the positive relationship between exchange rate and FDI confirms that Naira depreciation attracts more foreign direct investment into Nigeria. It was based on the findings that the following recommendations were made; Trade Policy reforms in Nigeria should focus on improving trade facilitation through better infrastructure, streamlined customs procedures, and reducing trade barriers. Creating a stable and investor-friendly environment is crucial, this includes protecting property rights, enhancing the rule of law, reducing bureaucracy, and ensuring stable electricity and transportation infrastructure.

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between e-communication skills and work-based competencies of business educators for teaching of business education courses in tertiary institutions in South-East Nigeria. One research question guided the study and one null hypothesis was tested. The study adopted correlation research design, and 262 business educators in the 15 public tertiary institutions in South East, Nigeria offering business education programme were studied without sampling. Two instruments namely: E-communication Skills Questionnaire (ECSQ)” and “Work-based Competencies Questionnaire (WBCQ) structured in four-point rating scales were used for data collection. Face and content validity of the instrument were established by three experts in the Departments of Vocational Education and Educational Foundations of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University. Pilot-testing was used to establish the reliability of the instruments and data collected were analyzed using Cronbach Alpha method and Coefficient value of 0.95 was obtained. The researchers and six research assistants administered 262 copies of the questionnaires to the respondents and 254 copies were correctly filled and retrieved, which indicated 97 percent return rate. Pearson product moment correlation was used for data analysis. Findings revealed moderate positive and significant relationship between e-communication skills and the work-based competencies of business educators. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers concluded that possession of e-communication skills by business educators can have a positive and significant impact on their work-based competencies leading to improved teaching effectiveness and ensuring that graduates are well-equipped for the evolving digital economy. It was recommended that management of tertiary institutions in Nigeria should organize regular professional training and development programmes for business educators focusing on e-communication tools, including virtual meeting platforms, email etiquette, and digital collaboration tools, to improve business educators' instructional delivery.  The study contributed to knowledge by establishing statistical evidence on the significance of e-communication skills in shaping effective teaching and learning processes in business education programme in South-East, Nigeria.

Abstract: This study aims at public-school educators in balancing their professional and personal challenges. Using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, the research seeks to understand how educators cope with workload, resource constraints, student behavior, and personal life, responsibilities while maintaining their well-being and professional efficacy. Public-school educators face numerous challenges, including heavy workloads, inadequate resources, low compensation, and emotional stress. These challenges often lead to burnout, reduced job satisfaction, and poor work-life balance. Despite various policies and interventions, educators continue to struggle, affecting both their performance and student outcomes. This study addresses how educators navigate these issues and develop resilience. The Objectives was to explore the professional and personal challenges faced by public-school educators. This study provides insights into the real-life struggles of educators, helping policymakers, administrators, and stakeholders develop targeted interventions. Understanding these challenges can lead to improved teacher retention, mental health support, and enhanced professional development programs. A qualitative research design employing hermeneutic phenomenology was used. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns and key insights from participants' lived experiences. The study involved 15 public-school educators from Lusaka secondary schools, selected using purposive sampling to ensure diversity in experiences and backgrounds. It was discovered that educators face significant stress due to workload, inadequate resources, and personal responsibilities. Many rely on peer support, time management strategies, and intrinsic motivation to cope. However, a lack of institutional support exacerbates their struggles. Public-school educators require enhanced institutional support, improved working conditions, and mental health programs to sustain their effectiveness and well-being.

Abstract: Groundwater exploration in hard rock terrains requires advanced geophysical techniques to identify high-yielding aquifers. This study utilizes Magneto telluric (MT) resistivity imaging to delineate subsurface fracture zones and assess groundwater potential in the Kilambakkam region. The resistivity profiles reveal a complex hydrogeological setting characterized by shallow weathered zones (50m-100m depth) with low water yield, deeper fractured aquifers (120m-250m depth) with moderate yield, and deep-seated fault zones (180m-300m depth) exhibiting high groundwater potential. Two primary borewell target zones have been identified based on low resistivity anomalies (1-6 Ωm), indicating significant water-bearing formations. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating geophysical surveys with hydrogeological data to optimize borewell placement and enhance sustainable groundwater extraction. Further validation through vertical electrical sounding (VES) and pumping tests is recommended to ensure long-term aquifer viability.

Abstract: In terms of the importance of establishing mega multi-story constructions that considers the impact of seismic action, this research was initiated with the objective of verifying the soil ability to stabilize such structures, while considering the impact of changing the natural frequency of the structure itself, in view of soil type. After setting the research objectives, a methodology was set to encompass 5 investigations. Throughout the Theoretical Investigation, literature in the field of multi-story structure response to seismic action and the numerical models that simulates such structures. During the Numerical Investigation, the available numerical models were scrutinized, from which PLAXIS 2D was selected to be implemented. Moreover, a numerical analysis technique was elaborated. Furthermore, the representation of the various elements was expounded for both the soil and the structure. All through the Analytical Investigation, PLAXIS 2D investigated the structure response to the cases of soil presence and soil absence. During modeling the soil absence, several soil variables were considered (i.e. soil elasticity and soil depth) and many structure variables were taken into account (i.e. height to width ratio and the structure foundation). During the Inferential Investigation, conclusions were deduced, where the research results highlighted the importance of considering the foundation rigidity. Moreover, the research suggested recommendations for future research, where it was advised to investigate the soil data experimentally. Moreover, the research suggested some recommendations for the Engineering Practice, where it was advised to implement three-dimensional Finite Element Models “FE” to simulate structures with surrounding soil.

Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Governance (CG) have grown in importance in the business sector. Generally speaking, corporate governance (CG) refers to the policies and guidelines that guide and manage the business while safeguarding the interests of its stakeholders. Also, CG is the evaluation of corporate governance using the triple bottom line idea. While CG focuses on assuring accountability, fairness, and openness in a company's operations, CSR emphasizes ethical business practices that contribute to social and environmental well-being. By examining the importance of sustainable development and good governance in enhancing corporate social responsibility, this article will dispute the fundamental premise.

Abstract: Over time, the impact of the sharp increase in plastic consumption was not closely monitored by the global community. This has caused an unprecedented volume of mismanaged mixed plastic garbage to enter the ecosystem. One material that is well-recognized and utilized in many different forms in daily life is plastic. Plastic trash has increased dramatically as a result of the widespread use of a variety of plastic products. Toxic plastic use can be caused by a variety of human health issues, including breathing difficulties, liver dysfunction, eye irritation, respiratory problems, vision loss, birth effects, cancers, cardiovascular, headaches, skin diseases, lung problems, genotoxic, dizziness, and gastrointestinal issues. Major environmental pollutants such as water, soil, and air pollution are brought on by the use of plastics. Plastic has been used throughout human history due to its many uses, including great durability, flexibility, inexpensive production costs, and lightweight nature. After the Second World War, plastic became commercially available everywhere in less than a century. Half of the plastic waste produced worldwide comes from packaging plastics. Micro to Nano plastics can break down into smaller particles that are easier for water, soil, and air to disperse. Therefore, a variety of adverse effects, including reduced ingestion, reproduction, ulceration, entanglement, and oxidative stress, affect both terrestrial and aquatic animals. Human health is also harmed by microplastics and nanoplastics because of cancer, birth deformities, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular illnesses, etc. Polymerization or polycondensation is a biochemical process used to make plastics.  If plastic waste generated during post-use is not properly handled and managed, it can have numerous negative effects on the environment.  The daily usage of plastic and plastic-derived products has become a global concern due to the pollution they cause to the environment and the health of people and wildlife. It is intrinsically challenging to ascertain the destiny of (micro)(nano)plastics in the environment since there are several sources and pathways for their introduction. The public should be made aware of the dangers of plastic and plastic-related items, which can contribute to several human and animal health issues. Therefore, it is imperative to find biodegradable solutions and efficient regulations and to put them into action. The lifecycle of plastic products according to their various categories will be covered in this paper, along with the issues brought on by improper processing of plastic waste and potential remedies that could be offered to maintain a healthy atmosphere and lessen the factors contributing to climate change, which poses a threat to life as we know it. The lifecycle of plastic products according to their various categories will be covered in this paper, along with the issues brought on by improper processing of plastic waste and potential remedies that could be offered to maintain a healthy atmosphere and lessen the factors contributing to climate change, which poses a threat to life as we know it.

Abstract: Employee tardiness is a recurring work problem that impedes operations, reduces productivity, and raises costs for companies. As a reaction, companies use incentive and disciplinary interventions to drive punctuality, but it is not known whether these countervailing measures are effective. Some use rewards in the form of bonuses and promotion, and others use penalties in the form of deductions from pay and warnings, but few empirical studies are comparing their relative effectiveness in the same setting. This research attempted to do this by assessing which intervention, rewards or penalties, is most effective at preventing employee lateness. Existing literature has shown the effect of punishment and incentives in isolation, i.e., Johnson et al. (2020), who demonstrated that economic incentives enhanced punctuality, and Martinez and Rivera (2019), who demonstrated that severe punishment cut down on lateness but lowered job satisfaction. But their comparative effectiveness has never been contrasted within the same organizational setting. This research utilized qualitative research with thematic analysis of secondary data through attendance records, HR reports, and previous research results. Findings indicate that the two interventions have little impact when used separately; although incentives can make one punctual, it is short-lived, and harsh disciplinary action has the likelihood of leading to resentment and disaffection. An optimal approach in terms of reward is more effective in instilling punctuality in the longer run. Consequences of the study find implications in organizational management with the yield of evidence-based recommendations for HR managers to create attendance policies in a better manner.

Abstract: This article on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the faithful execution of employment contract seeks to draw attention on the need to observe employment rules by executing the terms of employment contracts from home. It raises questions as to whether workers can always execute their employment contracts from home in a faithful manner.  The article demonstrates that terms of employment contracts cannot be breached irrespective of the location that an employment contract is being executed. The methodology used is qualitive while incorporating the doctrinal method. Technological ways to defraud workers using information communication technology (ICT) tools to evade supervision and control is exposed in this article. Some workers use some of these technologies and technics to unscrupulously execute their employment contracts. This article is written at time that ICT tools used to communicate work related matters have significantly improved. Such has been used to mitigate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to avoid frustration of most employment contracts. The article is beneficial to people of all walks of life and governments since employment cuts across all spheres of life. It was found out  in the article that working from home is an effective way of executing employment contracts in the event of an outbreak of a pandemic and also that working from home leads to efficiency and economic benefits on both employers and worker. It was also found out that it is convenient to execute employment contracts remotely from home and that despite some frauds by executing employment contracts from home, employers can still use ICT tools to monitor and ensure control over their workers. It is recommended in this article that working from home should be envisaged in all contracts of employment in the event of a pandemic outbreak.